Origin of the cultivated passion fruit Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and genomic relationships among species of the subgenera Decaloba and Passiflora

• Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa is the most economically important species in the genus Passiflora. However, the origin of this yellow form of passion fruit remains unclear, being suggested as a hybrid (P. edulis f. edulis × P. ligularis) or wild mutant.
• Here, the origin and genomic relationships of P. edulis f. flavicarpa with some related species in the genus Passiflora (subgenera Decaloba and Passiflora) were investigated using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Genomic DNA of 18 species was used as probe, which was hybridized onto chromosomes of P. edulis f. flavicarpa.
• Of all genomic DNA probes tested, none allowed us to identify a specific chromosome set in P. edulis f. flavicarpa. Conversely, probes from the subgenus Passiflora, P. edulis f. edulis, P. alata, P. cincinnata, P. coccinea, P. nitida and P. vitifolia, produced intense and uniform hybridizations on all chromosomes of P. edulis f. flavicarpa. Moreover, probes from P. ligularis, P. foetida and P. sublanceolata produced more intense hybridizations in the terminal region of four chromosomes, corresponding to the DNAr 45S locus, and also dispersed, less intense, hybridization across all chromosomes. Probes from the subgenus Decaloba, P. biflora, P. capsularis, P. cervii, P. coriacea, P. micropetala, P. morifolia, P. rubra and P. suberosa, produced hybridizations restricted to the DNAr 45S sites.
• The hybrid origin of P. edulis f. flavicarpa could not be supported based on the GISH results, and it is suggested that this species is conspecific with P. edulis f. edulis, because the probe with DNA of this form hybridized strongly throughout the target genome. The other putative parent species, P. ligularis, showed only a distant relationship with the target genome. The results also suggest that species of the subgenus Passiflora share many repetitive sequences and that the relationship between subgenera Decaloba and Passiflora is very distant.

     

表达7个高分子量谷蛋白亚基的小麦新种质创制、鉴定及分子细胞学分析

报道了六倍体小黑麦和普通小麦杂交、回交获得的特异表达7个高分子量谷蛋白亚基的2个小麦新种质——NR98116-9-2和NR98116-9-3的创制、形态性状、染色体组成、遗传稳定性、抗条锈病鉴定以及HMW-GS组成的鉴定结果。这2个品系的植株形态为普通小麦型,Feulgen染色、GISH结合C-带综合鉴定表明：NR98116-9-2为3R／3D代换系,2n=42;NR98116-9-3为3R附加系,2n=44;减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对正常,具有较高的遗传稳定性。接种鉴定表明：它们高抗小麦条锈病。种子全蛋白和高分子量谷蛋白选择性沉淀的SDS-PAGE分析表明：它们具有的7条高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分别是1、14＋15、6r＋8、4＋12和1、14＋15、6r＋8、5＋10,其中包括2个Glu-B1位点。     

Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids Between Oryza sativa L. and Three Wild Rice Species of China by Genomic In Situ Hybridization

In the genus Oryza, interspecific hybrids are useful bridges for transferring the desired genes from wild species to cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.）. In the present study, hybrids between O. sativa （AA genome） and three Chinese wild rices, namely O. rufipogon （AA genome）, O. officinalis （CC genome）, and O. meyeriana （GG genome）, were produced. Agricultural traits of the F1 hybrids surveyed were intermediate between their parents and appreciably resembled wild rice parents. Except for the O. sativa × O. rufipogon hybrid, the other F1 hybrids were completely sterile. Genomic in situ hybridization （GISH） was used for hybrid verification. Wild rice genomic DNAs were used as probes and cultivated rice DNA was used as a block. With the exception of O. rufipogon chromosomes, this method distinguished the other two wild rice and cultivated rice chromosomes at the stage of mitotic metaphase with different blocking ratios. The results suggest that a more distant phylogenetic relationship exists between O. meyeriana and O. sativa and that O. rufipogon and O. sativa share a high degree of sequence homology. The average mitotic chromosome length of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana was 1.25- and 1.51-fold that of O. sativa, respectively. 4＇,6＇-Diamidino- 2-phenylindole staining showed that the chromosomes of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana harbored more heterochromatin, suggesting that the C and G genomes were amplified with repetitive sequences compared with the A genome. Although chromocenters formed by chromatin compaction were detected with wild rice-specific signals corresponding to the C and G genomes in discrete domains of the F1 hybrid interphase nuclei, the size and number of O. meyeriana chromocenters were bigger and greater than those of O. officinalis. The present results provide an important understanding of the genomic relationships and a tool for the transfer of useful genes from three native wild rice species in China to cultivars.     

萝卜与甘蓝属间杂种基因组原位杂交分析

用基因组原位杂交方法（Genomic in situ hybridization, 简称GISH）研究了萝卜( Raphanus sativus,2n=18,RR)和甘蓝（Brassica oleracea , 2n=18, CC）属间杂种F1减数分裂过程。结果表明杂种体细胞染色体组成为RC,2n=18,但花粉母细胞有三种不同类型：1. RC,2n=18, 终变期染色体平均配对构型为14.87Ⅰ+1.20Ⅱ+0.04Ⅲ+0.06Ⅳ, 染色体配对主要发生在萝卜和甘蓝染色体之间, 后期Ⅰ9条萝卜染色体主要以5/4和6/3的分离比移向两极, 所形成配子的染色体数目和组成均不平衡,配子败育; 2. RRCC,4n=36, 终变期染色体形成18个二价体,后期Ⅰ染色体均衡分离,形成RC不减数配子;3. RRCC缺体,4n=30－34, 少数萝卜染色体丢失,形成的配子具有全套的甘蓝染色体和部分萝卜染色体。     

巨穗小麦种质中外源遗传物质的细胞遗传学和分子生物学鉴定

利用C分带、基因组原位杂交并结合分子生物学手段,对12份巨穗小麦种质材料中的外源遗传物质进行了检测.结果表明,12份材料染色体数均为42,其中5份材料均具有一对小麦-黑麦(Triticum aestivum-Secalecereal)1BL/1RS易位染色体和一对中间偃麦草(Agropyron intermedium Garten)染色体、3份材料只具有一对中间偃麦草染色体、3份材料只具一对1BL/1RS染色体、1份材料无1BL/1RS和中间偃麦草染色体.进一步细胞学分析表明,此中间偃麦草染色体代换了普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中的2D染色体,因其良好的同源补偿性,表示为2Ai.同时对2Ai在巨穗小麦种质中存在的遗传学意义及小麦遗传改良中的应用进行了讨论.     

小麦-大麦2H异代换系的鉴定

通过基因组原位杂交、重双端体测交及RFLP分析,解析了来自小麦品种"中国春"(Triticum aestivumL.cv."Chinese Spring"(CS))×大麦品种"Betzes"(Hordeum vulgare L.cv."Betzes")杂种后代15份材料的遗传组成,鉴定出6个二体异代换系;对与"中国春"重双端体DDT2A、DDT2B及DDT2D测交的F1代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期染色体构型进行观察,同时以小麦第二部分同源群短臂探针psr131进行RFLP分析,鉴定出一套遗传稳定的小麦-大麦2H二体异代换系2H(A)、2H(B)和2H(D).小麦第二部分同源群短臂探针psr131可作为追踪大麦2H染色体的RFLP标记.从代换系的生长势及其他农艺性状看,大麦2H染色体对小麦染色体2B和2D的补偿作用较好.通过考种观察到携带大麦α淀粉酶抑制蛋白基因的2H染色体导入小麦后,淀粉品质发生了改变,外观品质由原来"中国春"的半粉质转变为代换系的半角质.     

小麦-黑麦小片段易位系的分子细胞遗传学分析

为选育具有经济价值的带有黑麦R染色体组小片段的小麦-黑麦育种基础材料,对小麦-黑麦5R/5A×6R/6A代换系杂交后代的8份高代材料6-30、6-31、7-1、7-9、7-13、7-21、7-22和7-28进行形态学、细胞学观察,及SSR分析和GISH检测。结果表明,8个品系田间生长整齐、育性正常,具有大穗、多小穗,抗白粉病、叶锈病等优良性状;对其中2个品系7-1和7-9进行花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,发现大多数细胞染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ,具有良好的遗传稳定性;选择黑麦R染色体通用引物及5R、6R染色体上的微卫星引物共8对,对8个品系进行SSR分析,结果表明8个品系都有黑麦5R或6R染色体片段的导入,进一步进行GISH检测,发现5个品系6-31、7-1、7-13、7-21、7-22都存在黑麦杂交信号,为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系。本研究综合多种手段鉴定的8份材料皆为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系,在育种上具有利用价值。     

应用基因组原位杂交鉴定蓝粒小麦及其诱变后代

应用基因组原位杂交技术（GISH）对普通小麦（Triticum aestivumL.)和长穗偃麦草[Agropyron elongatum(Host)Beauv,2n=10x=70]杂交后选育出的蓝粒小麦蓝-58及其诱变后代的染色体组成进行了鉴定。结果表明,GISH可方便地检测到小麦遗传背景中的长穗偃麦草染色体或易位的片段。如前人报道,蓝-58（2n=42)是一个具有2条长穗偃麦草4E染色体的异代换系（4E/4D）。LW004可能是一个具有两对相互易位染色体的纯合系,其田间表现磷高效特性,LW43-3-4为41条染色体的蓝单体（40W 1’4E）,种子颜色为浅蓝色,通过此法还检测出一些染色体结构发生很大变异的材料如4E的单端体（40W 1‘4E),种子颜色为浅蓝色,通过此法还检测出一些染色结构发生很大变异的材料如4E的单端体（40W 1‘t4E)以及组型为39W 1‘4E 1‘t4E的个体,此项研究结果更为直观地表明控制蓝粒体状的基因的确在来自长穗偃麦草的染色体上。同时说明有效的突变方法与灵活方便的检测手段的有机结合在染色体工程材料的创制和染色体工程育种中起着至关重要的作用。     

抗大麦黄矮病的小偃麦易位系的创制与鉴定

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