Land cover change and land degradation in parts of the southwest coast of Nigeria

Frequent alteration in land cover often leads to decreased stability of ecosystems which can also increase the vulnerability of rural communities to externalities of environmental change. This study carried out in parts of the coast of southwestern Nigeria utilized topographic base maps and two-time Landsat TM imageries to assess the trend in land cover changes and ecosystems degradation for the three time periods 1965, 1986 and 2001. Remote sensing, geographic information systems and landscape pattern analysis were employed for data processing and analysis. The focus of the analysis was on land cover change, land degradation, and changes in landscape pattern resulting from interplay of natural and anthropogenic drivers.
The results show increased trend in human-induced land cover change with concomitant severe negative impacts on ecosystems and livelihoods. About 98,000ha (30% of the area) was seriously degraded as at 2001. About 33,000ha (10%) was under permanent saline water inundation with about 21 communities already dislocated. Loss of fragile ecosystems including marshland (from 7.7% in 1965 to 1% in 2001) and mangrove (from 14.6% in 1965 to 3.1% in 2001) was intense, while over 300 ponds/small lakes which are important for the local fishing economy have disappeared. About eighteen communities were also dislocated by erosion in a section around the southeastern parts of the coastline. Landscape metrics generated, suggested increased ecosystems perturbation and landscape fragmentation. The paper also discussed the implications of these rapid changes for ecosystems stability, food security and sustainable rural livelihoods in the area.     

基于RS的湖岸带物理结构完整性评价方法——以查干湖为例

以查干湖流域为研究区,利用RS和GIS技术,基于水利部《河流(湖)健康评估指标、标准与方法 V1.0》并加以改进,以500m×1000m为评价基本单元,整个研究区共有315个物理结构基本评价单元,建立基于RS的湖岸带物理结构完整性评价体系,该评价体系由目标层、准则层和指标层构成,其中准则层由湖岸带状况、湖岸线发育率和湖泊萎缩率3项组成,指标层由地形坡度、植被覆盖率等8项指标构成。研究结果表明:38个监测点中,查干湖23个,新庙泡15个,基于RS物理结构评价结果分别为0.67—0.76和0.35—0.45,地面实测评价结果分别是0.64—0.77和0.35—0.55。两种评价方法结果一致,并表明查干湖的湖岸带物理结构健康状态属于健康,新庙泡则属于亚健康。     

基于GIS的西安市城市景观格局

以西安市三环以内QuickBird卫星影像为基础,在GIS技术的支持下,通过所选取的景观指数对粒度变化的响应,在确定出研究区的适宜研究粒度为20 m的基础上,对西安市的景观格局现状进行研究.结果表明:西安市居住工业用地集中,人工景观聚集,影响自然生态过程;绿地、水体景观破碎化程度高,分布分散;环城路内景观构成不合理,一、二环间各景观类型分布极为不均,二、三环间土地利用经济效益和生态效益有较大的发展空间.建议调整城市的空间布局与结构,从绿地景观的建设和河、湖水网的保护角度来维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性.     

利用GIS模拟变量施肥尺度对施肥量的影响研究

以玉米氮肥变量施肥为例。采用GIS技术分别模拟不同肥力水平、不同空间变异和不同相关距条件下变量施肥尺度对施肥量的影响．首先用“Turning Band Method”方法随机生成符合指定均值、方差和空间分布(半方差模型)的一组表示最小施肥单元的土壤养分数据,每组10~4个数据,对每组数据进行了100个等级尺度单元的相关施肥量计算和分析．模拟结果表明：(1)随着变量施肥单元面积减小,施肥量不是减少,而是增加或保持不变;(2)相同土壤肥力,空间变异越大时,随着施肥尺度增大,平均施肥量增大越明显,而且施肥临界养分过渡带的变量施肥合理性受尺度影响最大．     

基于焦点物种的北京市生物保护安全格局规划

快速城市化进程中,城市及周边地区生物栖息地的丧失和破碎化对生物多样性保护构成严重威胁。如何在景观尺度上判别对于生物保护具有重要意义的栖息地及其空间格局成为了重要问题。选取快速城市化的典型地区——北京市作为研究对象,将焦点物种和景观安全格局方法相结合,对北京市生物保护安全格局进行判别和规划。根据焦点物种的定义和选取标准,将在栖息地类型、生物学特征等各方面具有代表性的大白鹭(Casmerodius albus)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、环颈雉(Phasianus colchicus)选作北京市的焦点物种,应用最小阻力模型和GIS空间分析技术,对焦点物种的栖息地适宜性进行分析,并建立物种运动的等阻力面,根据阻力面的空间特征对北京市生物保护安全格局进行规划。结果显示:规划后的安全格局的斑块数量、分离度、邻近距离显著下降,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数显著上升;该格局用约60%的土地,保护了北京市主要生境类型及关键性空间格局,可有效缓解栖息地丧失和破碎化的问题,从而达到保护整体生物多样性的目的。这一研究方法和成果可为北京市生物多样性保护和城乡生态建设提供决策依据,也对同类研究具有借鉴价值。