The Growth,physiological and biochemical response of foxtail millet to atrazine herbicide

Foxtail millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a vital crop that is planted as food and fodder crop around the globe. There is only limited information is present for abiotic stresses on the physiological responses to atrazine. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different atrazine dosages on the growth, fluorescence and physiological parameters i.e., malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H₂O₂ and O₂) in the leaves to know the extent of atrazine on oxidative damage of foxtail millet. Our experiment consisted of 0, 2.5, 12.5, 22.5 and 32.5 (mg/kg) of labeled atrazine doses on 2 foxtaill millet varieties. High doses of atrazine significantly enhanced ROS and MDA synthesis in the plant leaves. Enzymes activities like ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities enhanced, while catalase (CAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities reduced with increasing atrazine concentrations. Finally atrazine doses at 32.5 mg/kg reduced chlorophyll contents, while chlorophyll (a/b) ratio also enhanced. Biomass, plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, minimal and maximal fluorescence (Fo, Fm), maximum and actual quantum yield, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate are decreased with increasing atrazine doses.     

1980s-2010s华北夏谷区主栽谷子品种SSR遗传多样性分析

通过对20世纪80年代以来具有代表性的华北夏谷区审(鉴)定的20个主栽谷子品种进行SSR标记多态性分析,研究了华北地区育成谷子品种的遗传多样性。49对引物在20个谷子品种中扩增出具有多态性的条带,共检测出142个等位变异,平均每个位点检测出的等位变异数为2.96个。标记位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0904～0.6896,平均为0.4168。20份材料间的遗传距离变幅为0.0173～0.9000,聚类分析将其分成3个类群,其中谷丰1号自成一类,表明谷丰1号的遗传距离较其他品种大。不同年代谷子品种间遗传距离分析结果显示,各年代品种之间的平均遗传距离由大到小依次是1980s>1990s>2000s>2010s,表明随着年代的递进育成品种的遗传差异减小,亲缘关系增近。     

Inclusion of sorghum,millet and cottonseed meal in broiler diets: a meta-analysis of effects on performance

A meta-analysis was conducted (i) to evaluate broiler response to partial or total substitution of corn by sorghum and millet and (ii) to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by cottonseed meal in broiler diet. The database included 190 treatments from 29 experiments published from 1990 to 2013. Bird responses to an experimental diet were calculated relative to the control (Experimental−Control), and were submitted to mixed-effect models. Results showed that diets containing millet led to similar performance as the corn-based ones for all parameters, whereas sorghum-based diets decreased growth performance. No major effect of the level of substitution was observed with millet or cottonseed meal. No effect of the level of substitution of sorghum on feed intake was found; however, growth performance decreased when the level of substitution of corn by sorghum increased. Cottonseed meal was substituted to soybean meal up to 40% and found to increase feed intake while reducing growth performance. Young birds were not more sensitive to these ingredients than older birds since there was no negative effect of these ingredients on performance in the starter phase. Results obtained for sorghum pointed out the necessity to find technological improvements that will increase the utilization of these feedstuffs in broiler diet. An additional work is scheduled to validate these statistical results in vivo and to evaluate the interactions induced with the simultaneous inclusions of sorghum, millet and cottonseed meal in broiler feeding.     

Plant Growth‐promoting Fungus Penicillium oxalicum Enhances Plant Growth and Induces Resistance in Pearl Millet Against Downy Mildew Disease

Plant Growth‐promoting Fungus (PGPF) Penicillium oxalicum was isolated from rhizosphere soil of pearl millet and was tested for its ability to promote growth and induce systemic resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew disease. The fungal isolate P. oxalicum UOM PGPF 16 was identified as P. oxalicum using ITS sequencing and morphological analysis and sequence was deposited at NCBI with accession number KF150220. Pearl millet susceptible seeds were treated with three different inducers (CS, CF and LCF) of PGPF P. oxalicum and all the inducers significantly reduced the downy mildew disease and enhanced plant growth. Among the inducers tested, CS treatment recorded highest seed germination of 91% and 1427 seedling vigour followed by LCF and CF treatments. The vegetative growth parameter and NPK uptake studies under greenhouse conditions revealed that the CS treatment of P. oxalicum remarkably enhanced the parameters tested when compared to control plants. A significant disease protection of 62% and 58% against downy mildew disease was observed in plants pretreated with CS of P. oxalicum under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. The spatio‐temporal studies revealed that inducers P. oxalicum required a minimum of 3 days for developing maximum disease resistance which was maintained thereafter. The maximum Peroxidase (POX) activity (62.7 U) was observed at 24 h in seedlings treated with CS of PGPF P. oxalicum and the activity gradually reduced at later time points after pathogen inoculation. Chitinase (CHT) activity was significantly higher in inducer treated seedlings when compared to control seedlings inoculated with pathogen after 48 h and remained constant at all time points.     

不同除草剂的田间杂草防效及对糜子生长发育的影响

筛选糜子适宜除草剂来防范农田药害,是糜子高效安全生产和改善生态环境亟待解决的关键问题。本研究以粳性糜子品种‘榆糜2号'为材料,探究22种除草剂对糜子田间杂草的防除效果及对糜子生长发育的影响。结果表明: 1)喷施土壤封闭型除草剂谷友、丁草胺、莠去津、苄嘧·丙草胺和茎叶型除草剂苯唑·二甲钠、阔世玛、藤净、陶氏·优先、阔菲后,基本无药害作用,糜子幼苗生长正常,其余除草剂均对糜子有不同程度的药害影响;2)参试的22种除草剂在糜子田中对杂草均表现出一定的防除效果,总体而言,土壤封闭型除草剂的杂草防效相对优于茎叶型除草剂,但所有参试除草剂对糜子株高、功能叶片叶绿素含量、单株穗重均造成不同程度的影响;3)与人工除草相比,参试除草剂均导致糜子产量有不同程度的下降;但与不除草对照相比,部分除草剂有明显的增产增效作用。土壤封闭型除草剂中,谷友、丁草胺、莠去津、苄嘧·丙草胺的杂草防效较好,较不除草对照增产60%以上;茎叶型除草剂中,阔世玛、苯唑·二甲钠的杂草防效较好,较不除草对照增产50%以上。因此,在糜子出苗前可用38%莠去津或44%单嘧磺隆进行土壤封闭处理,或在出苗后喷施茎叶型除草剂3.6%二磺·甲碘隆或55%苯唑·二甲钠,农田杂草防效较好,且对糜子生长发育的负面影响较小。     

谷子秸秆不同部位水浸液对3种杂草的化感作用

通过测定种子萌芽期生物学指标和盆栽苗期生理指标,研究谷子不同部位(叶片、茎秆)不同浓度(原液、10倍稀释液、50倍稀释液、100倍稀释液)浸提液对反枝苋、藜、狗尾草3种谷田恶性杂草的化感作用。结果表明: 谷子叶片、茎秆水浸提液对3种杂草均存在显著化感作用,且不同浓度浸提液化感作用存在差异,总体表现为原液有抑制作用,稀释液(10、50、100倍)有促进作用。叶片、茎秆浸提液原液处理下,反枝苋、藜、狗尾草的发芽率分别下降了63.9%、37.3%和41.7%,根长仅为对照的27.8%、37.8%和18.4%,芽长仅为对照的34.5%、27.7%和17.6%,净光合速率为对照的66.6%、89.9%和88.2%,蒸腾速率为对照的69.0%、87.5%和56.1%,原液对3种杂草的综合化感效应指数为-0.699、-0.716和-0.795,表现出较强的化感抑制作用。稀释液处理下化感促进作用随稀释倍数增加呈先上升后下降趋势,其中50倍稀释液促进作用最强,3种杂草的发芽率、根长和芽长均与对照达到差异显著水平,综合化感效应指数分别为0.261、0.217和0.165。谷田伴生杂草大量生长与谷子秸秆中化感物质淋溶有关。     

Inheritance of downy mildew resistance, β-1,3-glucanases and peroxidases in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] crosses

The inheritance of resistance to downy mildew disease and the defense-related enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase was studied in crosses of pearl millet using a generation-mean analysis. The study material comprised six generations (susceptible and resistant parents, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) in three crosses. Seedlings from these generations were inoculated with the downy mildew pathogen Sclerospora graminicola and disease incidence was recorded. Analysis of constitutive levels of β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase in the seedlings of different generations indicated that the resistant populations showed higher enzyme activities, while lower activities of the enzymes were recorded in the susceptible populations. In the generation-mean analysis, the significance of scaling tests revealed the existence of non-allelic interactions in the inheritance of resistance to downy mildew as well as with the enzymes. Among the gene effects, both additive and dominant effects were significant. All the non-allelic interaction effects were significant in the crosses. Studies on the isozyme patterns of the enzymes substantiated the results of the disease-incidence experiments in most of the generations. The results indicated that the inheritance of downy mildew disease resistance and the expression of β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase in pearl millet is not only under the control of additive and dominant genes but are also governed by complex non-allelic interactions. Received: 30 April 2000 / Accepted: 17 October 2000     

糜子育成品种芽期抗旱性鉴定与评价研究

采用PEG6000胁迫处理对国内不同地区育成的56个糜子品种的芽期抗旱性进行了鉴定,并用直接评价和综合评价法对其抗旱性进行了评价。结果表明:经20%(W/V)PEG6000处理的56个品种与对照相比性状之间差异显著,品种抗旱性存在较大差异。用直接评价法和综合评价法相结合鉴定出强抗旱性品种3份,分别是晋黍2号、陇糜5号和陇糜8号。相对发芽率、相对芽干重、相对根干重、贮藏物质相对转运率4项指标可作为糜子芽期抗旱性鉴定评价指标,相对发芽率法和加权隶属函数值法是比较理想的糜子芽期抗旱性评价方法。     

抗、感黑穗病谷子品种几种酶活性的比较研究

本文对7个不同抗、感黑穗病的谷子品种在不同时期进行了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性的比较研究。结果表明,谷子感染黑穗病后,体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性均显著增强。抗病品种的酶活性明显地高于感病品种。这些酶活性的变化能够削弱或消除病菌对谷子的毒害作用,在谷子抗黑穗病过程中发挥重要作用。     

谷子茎尖体外遗传转化体系的建立与优化

以谷子(Seteria italica)豫谷一号为实验材料, 建立了一套简便、稳定的体外茎尖遗传转化体系。通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的茎尖转化法, 对转化受体采取不同的处理方式, 待拟转化株长到三叶期后进行PCR鉴定。探明了草丁膦(Basta)喷施处理用于谷子转基因幼苗筛选的最适浓度, 以及2种不同检测方式(直接PCR和喷施Basta+PCR)鉴定转基因植株的效果。在上述基础上, 对影响谷子遗传转化体系的多种因素进行优化。结果表明, 菌液浓度(OD₆₀₀)=1.4、侵染液中乙酰丁香酮浓度为800 μmol∙L ^-1、侵染压强为0.05 MPa、侵染40分钟有利于谷子茎尖的遗传转化。同时, 采用上述优化系统获得谷子转SiCBL4基因植株, 通过喷施草丁膦和实时荧光定量PCR对T₂代转基因植株进行遗传稳定性分析, 可节约检测时间。综上, 该研究初步建立了稳定的谷子体外茎尖遗传转化体系, 并开发了一种便捷的检测后代转基因植株的组合方法。