Rewarming of feet by lower and upper body exercise

The capacity of different types of exercise to rewarm the body, especially the feet, was studied. Six healthy male subjects wearing winter clothing (2.4 clo, 0.37 degrees C.m2.W-1) were exposed on three occasions to -15 degrees C for 120 min. For the first 60 min the subjects were cooled while sitting motionless and for the latter 60 min they were submitted to cycle ergometer exercise (CE), arm ergometer exercise (AE) or step exercise (ST). The rate of work in CE (about 350 W) served as a reference value for AE and ST. The cooling resulted in an average 1.7 (SEM 0.03) degrees C decrease in mean body temperature (Tb) corresponding to a 425 (SEM 9) kJ heat debt. The ST increased most effectively mean skin, rectal and lower body skin temperatures as well as dry heat loss. The ST increased Tb by 0.83 (SEM 0.16) degrees C, CE by 0.10 (SEM 0.11) degrees C and AE by only 0.07 (SEM 0.12) degrees C. At the end of the exercise the foot temperature was approximately 6 degrees C higher in ST than in CE. The superior rewarming by ST was apparently due to its low mechanical efficiency. Because the increase in Tb could not explain all the changes in foot temperatures, increased circulation and metabolism of the feet would also appear to have been involved.     

Diet and feeding habits of predatory fishes upstream and downstream of a low-level weir

A study investigating the influence of a low-level weir on the diets of three migratory percithyid species was undertaken on the Murrumbidgee River, Australia. A combination of fish community sampling and stomach flushing determined that Yanco Weir substantially impacted upon the abundance and feeding habits of golden perch Macquaria ambigua , Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii and trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis . The relative abundance of all three species was significantly greater downstream of the weir, where individuals attempting upstream migrations were obstructed. In areas of fish aggregations, some species displayed altered feeding strategies and exploited different prey taxa upstream and downstream of the weir. Diet overlap, and the proportion of individuals with empty stomachs, was also substantially greater from downstream zones. These results suggest that competition among species may be greater in areas of increased predator abundance and some species could be partitioning resources to minimize competitive interactions. Reducing accumulations of predatory species, by providing suitable fish passage facilities, would be an effective means to prevent such trophic interactions occurring at other low-level weirs.     

Ontogeny of lipase expression in winter flounder

The partial sequencing of two lipases from winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus , one most closely related to gastric, lingual and lysosomal acid lipase from other vertebrates and one most closely related to bile salt-activated lipase, is reported. Biochemical analyses of enzymatic activity demonstrated the greater contribution made by bile salt-activated lipase relative to neutral bile salt-independent lipase. Using molecular techniques, the tissue-specific expression of bile salt-activated lipase in pancreatic tissue and acid triacylglycerol lipase in a wide variety of organs was demonstrated. Furthermore, the developmental expression of these types of lipase in larval fish was established.     

调理脾胃法治疗维持性血透患者营养不良的报告

目的:探讨调理脾胃法治疗维持性血透患者营养不良的效果.方法:40例维持性血透患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组在对症处理相同、血透相关因素一致条件下进行维持血透治疗,治疗组同时根据辨证分型服用调理脾胃中药,疗程3个月.结果:与本组治疗前相比较,治疗后的各项生化指标明显提高(P<0.01),蛋白分解率也较治疗前提高(P<0.05),SGA分级好转(P<0.01),临床常见症状体征积分随治疗时间延长呈下降趋势(P(0.05);治疗组与对照组治疗后的各项生化指标、蛋白分解率、SGA分级及临床常见症状体征积分等差异均具有显著性(P<0.05).结论:中药调理脾胃法可以改善维持性血透患者营养不良状况.     

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

With the goal of understanding how nervous systems produce activity and respond to the environment, neuroscientists turn to model systems that exhibit the activity of interest and are accessible and amenable to experimental methods. The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster (Homarus americanus; also know was the Atlantic or Maine lobster) has been established as a model system for studying rhythm generating networks and neuromodulation of networks. The STNS consists of 3 anterior ganglia (2 commissural ganglia and an oesophageal ganglion), containing modulatory neurons that project centrally to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). The STG contains approximately 30 neurons that comprise two central pattern generating networks, the pyloric and gastric networks that underlie feeding behaviors in crustaceans^1,2. While it is possible to study this system in vivo³, the STNS continues to produce its rhythmic activity when isolated in vitro. Physical isolation of the STNS in a dish allows for easy access to the somata in the ganglia for intracellular electrophysiological recordings and to the nerves of the STNS for extracellular recordings. Isolating the STNS is a two-part process. The first part, dissecting the stomach from the animal, is described in an accompanying video article⁴. In this video article, fine dissection techniques are used to isolate the STNS from the stomach. This procedure results in a nervous system preparation that is available for electrophysiological recordings.     

血小板生成素与白介素-11治疗胃癌术后辅助化疗后血小板减少症时效及安全性的比较

目的:比较血小板生成素与白介素-11治疗胃癌患者术后化疗血小板减少症的时效和安全性。方法:术后辅助化疗出现血小板计数低于75×109/L的进展期胃癌患者68例,将其分为TPO组与IL-11组,分别为35例和33例。分别皮下注射rhTPO 15000U,每日1次;rhIL-11 1.5 mg,每日1次,当血小板计数125×109/L或比用药前上升50×109/L,即停止给药,疗程最长为14天。每3天抽取外周静脉血2 m L,通过全自动血液分析仪测定血小板计数,密切观察出现的不良反应并记录。比较两组患者不同临床病理资料、血小板计数、血小板计数升至75×109/L和125×109/L的时程、药物不良反应。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、化疗方案、血小板最低值出现的化疗周期及临床病理分期的比较均没有统计学差异(P值均0.05)。TPO组与IL-11组血小板动态值的比较,第9天出现显著差异(P=0.032)。TPO组与IL-11组血小板计数恢复至75×109/L和125×109/L所需的时间,有显著差异(P=0.041,P=0.013)。TPO组中,有3例(8.6%)患者发生不良反应,IL-11组中,有13例(39.4%)患者发生不良反应,TPO组患者出现的不良反应少且较轻微(P=0.006)。结论:rhTPO治疗胃癌患者术后化疗血小板减少症时效快,安全性好。