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1.
Alexander Schnitzler Birgitte Brinkmann Olsen Olaf-Georg Issinger Karsten Niefind 《Journal of molecular biology》2014
Eukaryotic protein kinases are typically strictly controlled by second messenger binding, protein/protein interactions, dephosphorylations or similar processes. None of these regulatory mechanisms is known to work for protein kinase CK2 (former name “casein kinase 2”), an acidophilic and constitutively active eukaryotic protein kinase. CK2 predominantly exists as a heterotetrameric holoenzyme composed of two catalytic subunits (CK2α) complexed to a dimer of non-catalytic subunits (CK2β). One model of CK2 regulation was proposed several times independently by theoretical docking of the first CK2 holoenzyme structure. According to this model, the CK2 holoenzyme forms autoinhibitory aggregates correlated with trans-autophosphorylation and driven by the down-regulatory affinity between an acidic loop of CK2β and the positively charged substrate binding region of CK2α from a neighboring CK2 heterotetramer. Circular trimeric aggregates in which one-half of the CK2α chains show the predicted inhibitory proximity between those regions were detected within the crystal packing of the human CK2 holoenzyme. Here, we present further in vitro support of the “regulation-by-aggregation” model by an alternative crystal form in which CK2 tetramers are arranged as approximately linear aggregates coinciding essentially with the early predictions. In this assembly, the substrate binding region of every CK2α chain is blocked by a CK2β acidic loop from a neighboring tetramer. We found these crystals with CK2Andante that contains a CK2β variant mutated in a CK2α-contact helix and described to be responsible for a prolonged circadian rhythm in Drosophila. The increased propensity of CK2Andante to form aggregates with completely blocked active sites may contribute to this phenotype. 相似文献
2.
Many modern cities have strongly invested in the sustainability of their urban water management system. Nordic cities like Stockholm or Copenhagen are amongst pioneers in investments towards integrated urban water management. However, cities can never be fully self-sufficient due to their dependency on external (water) resources. In this paper, we quantify this water dependency with respect to food consumption in nine cities located in the five Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland), by means of the water footprint concept. Detailed urban water footprint assessments are scarce in the literature. By analysing national nutrition surveys, we find that urban food intake behaviour differs from national food intake behaviour. In large Nordic cities people eat generally less potatoes, milk products (without cheese), meat and animal fats and they drink less coffee than outside city borders. On the other hand, they generally eat more vegetables and vegetable oils and they drink more tea and alcoholic beverages. This leads consistently – for the six large Nordic cities Stockholm, Malmö, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Oslo and Reykjavik – to slightly smaller food related urban water footprints (−2 to −6%) than national average values. We also analyse the water footprint for different diets based upon Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for these cities. We assessed three healthy diet scenarios: 1) including meat (HEALTHY-MEAT), 2) pesco-vegetarian (HEALTHY-PESCO-VEG) and 3) vegetarian (HEALTHY-VEG). This shows that Nordic urban dwellers 1) eat too many animal products (red meat, milk and milk products) and sugar and drink too much alcohol and 2) they eat not enough vegetables, fruit and products from the group pulses, nuts and oilcrops. Their overall energy and protein intake is too high. A shift to a healthy diet with recommended energy and protein intake reduces the urban WF related to food consumption substantially. A shift to HEALTHY-MEAT results in a reduction of −9 to −24%, for HEALTHY-PESCO-VEG the reduction is −29 to −37%, for HEALTHY-VEG the reduction is −36 to −44%. In other words, Nordic urban dwellers can save a lot of water by shifting to a healthy diet. 相似文献
3.
Lieve M.L. Laurens Stefanie Van Wychen Jordan P. McAllister Sarah Arrowsmith Thomas A. Dempster John McGowen Philip T. Pienkos 《Analytical biochemistry》2014
Accurate compositional analysis in biofuel feedstocks is imperative; the yields of individual components can define the economics of an entire process. In the nascent industry of algal biofuels and bioproducts, analytical methods that have been deemed acceptable for decades are suddenly critical for commercialization. We tackled the question of how the strain and biochemical makeup of algal cells affect chemical measurements. We selected a set of six procedures (two each for lipids, protein, and carbohydrates): three rapid fingerprinting methods and three advanced chromatography-based methods. All methods were used to measure the composition of 100 samples from three strains: Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., and Nannochloropsis sp. The data presented point not only to species-specific discrepancies but also to cell biochemistry-related discrepancies. There are cases where two respective methods agree but the differences are often significant with over- or underestimation of up to 90%, likely due to chemical interferences with the rapid spectrophotometric measurements. We provide background on the chemistry of interfering reactions for the fingerprinting methods and conclude that for accurate compositional analysis of algae and process and mass balance closure, emphasis should be placed on unambiguous characterization using methods where individual components are measured independently. 相似文献
4.
Jacob M. Jungers Craig C. Sheaffer Joseph Fargione Clarence Lehman 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2015,7(5):1050-1061
High yields are a priority in managing biomass for renewable energy, but the environmental impacts of various feedstocks and production systems should be equally considered. Mixed‐species, perennial grasslands enrolled in conservation programs are being considered as a source of biomass for renewable energy. Conservation grasslands are crucial in sustaining native biodiversity throughout the US Upper Midwest, and the effects of biomass harvest on biodiversity are largely unknown. We measured the effect of late‐season biomass harvest on plant community composition in conservation grasslands in three regions of Minnesota, USA from 2009 to 2012. Temporal trends in plant species composition within harvested grasslands were compared to unharvested grasslands using mixed effects models. A before‐after control‐impact approach using effect sizes was applied to focus on pre‐ and postharvest conditions. Production‐scale biomass harvest did not affect plant species richness, species or functional group diversity, nor change the relative abundance of the main plant functional groups. Differences in the relative abundances of plant functional groups were observed across locations; and at some locations, changed through time. The proportion of non‐native species remained constant, while the proportion of noxious weeds decreased through time in both harvested and unharvested grasslands at the central location. Ordination revealed patterns in species composition due to location, but not due to harvest treatment. Therefore, habitat and bioenergy characteristics related to grassland plant communities are not expected to change due to short‐term or intermittent late‐season biomass harvest. 相似文献
5.
Chemotaxonomic Screening of Seed Oils from the Family Saxifragaceae and Comparison with Data on Seed Oils from Grossulariaceae Obtained from Literature 下载免费PDF全文
Seeds of 25 members of the family Saxifragaceae, 1 × Astilbe, 1 × Darmera, 1 × Leptarrhena, 1 × Tellima, 3 × Mitella, and 18 × Saxifraga were investigated regarding oil content, as well as composition and content of fatty acids and vitamin E active compounds. The results were compared with results obtained from literature for members of the genus Ribes belonging to the closely related family Grossulariaceae to find chemometric differences between the different genera and between members of the family Saxifragaceae and Grossulariaceae, respectively. Members of the family Saxifragaceae are dominated by high amounts of linoleic and α‐linolenic acid which together account for about 80% of the total fatty acids. While α‐linolenic acid is characteristic for members of the genus Saxifraga, in other genera, linoleic acid is predominant. In comparison to members of the family Saxifragaceae members of the family Grossulariaceae also contain γ‐linolenic acid and stearidonic acid which allow a significant differentiation between both families. By principle component analysis, members of both families were divided into three distinct groups, i) species with a high content of α‐linolenic acid (genus Saxifraga), ii) species with high amounts of γ‐linolenic acid and stearidonic acid (genus Ribes), and iii) species with higher amounts of linoleic acid (other members of the family Saxifragaceae). The composition of the vitamin E active compounds was characterized by a high content of γ‐tocopherol in most members of the family Saxifragaceae, but no chemotaxonomic relevance. 相似文献
6.
Ian P. Thompson Mark J. Bailey Richard J. Ellis Kevin J. Purdy 《FEMS microbiology letters》1993,102(2):75-84
Abstract The cellular fatty acid composition of six bacterial species isolated from the seeds and leaves of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris ) and from soil were analysed. The quantitative data from the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were highly reproducible. Numerical analysis of Xanthomonas maltophilia . FAME profiles sub-grouped strains according to when they were isolated in the growing season. The analytical method used was sensitive enough to differentiate strains of Klebsiella terrigena isolated from either soil or leaves. The results from this study confirm reports that analyses of bacterial FAME composition were rapid to perform, specific and allowed differentiation of strains within the same species. 相似文献
7.
Phytoplankton biomass values in Tavropos Reservoir, ranging from 92 to 1071 mg m–3, are within a range characteristic of oligotrophic waters. The seasonal sequence of biomass shows three annual peaks, differing from the monoacmic pattern seen in oligotrophic lakes. This sequence was profoundly affected by changes in water withdrawal and inflow rates. Diatoms, cryptophytes, chrysophytes and dinoflagellates, in that order, were the major constituents of the reservoir phytoplankton. The succession, from diatoms and chrysophytes in late winter-spring, to centric diatoms in late spring-summer and again to diatom-chrysophytes in late autumn was similar to that in oligotrophic lakes. 相似文献
8.
Abstract. Peas were grown in controlled environments (12h white fluorescent light. ∼47 μmol photons m-2 s 1/12 dark, 25 °C), using (1) 15-min far-red illumination at the end of each photoperiod (brief FR) to simulate the increase in the far-red/red ratio near the end of the day, and (2) high levels of supplementary far-red light (red:far-red ratio=0.04) during the entire photoperiod (long-term FR) to simulate extreme shade conditions under a plant canopy. Brief FR illumination led to marked morphological effects attributable to phytochrome regulation, namely, an increase in internodal length, but a decrease in leaflet area, chloroplast size and chlorophyll content per chloroplast compared with the control. Significantly, brief FR illumination had little or no effect on the amounts of the major chloroplast components (ribulose 1.5-biphosphate carboxylase, adenosine triphosphate synthase, cytochrome b/f complex and Photosystem II) relative to chlorophyll or Photosystem I, and the leaf photosynthetic capacities per unit chlorophyll were similar. In contrast, supplementing high levels of far-red light during the entire photoperiod not only led to the phytochrome effects above, but there was also a marked increase in leaf photosynthetic capacity per unit chlorophyll. due to increased amounts of the major chloroplast components relative to chlorophyll or Photosystem I. We hypothesize that supplementary far-red light, absorbed by Photosystem I, induced an increase in the major chloroplast components by a photosynthetic feedback mechanism. In fully greened leaves, we propose that the two photosystems themselves, rather than phytochrome, may be the predominent sensors of light quantity in triggering modulations of the stoichiometries of chloroplast components, which in turn lead to varying photosynthetic capacities. 相似文献
9.
We describe a solid vegetable oil–water gel structure which is stabilized through the use of low concentrations of monoglycerides,
containing no added trans fats or saturated fats. The resulting structure consists of oil droplets encapsulated in self-assembled crystalline monoglyceride
multilayers, surrounded by a continuous water phase. Acute ingestion human feeding trials indicated that the serum triglyceride
loading was significantly lower after ingestion of the structured gel rather than a simple oil–water mixture, resulting in
an attenuated increase in serum insulin. This indicates the effectiveness of encapsulation in modulating blood lipid and insulin
response in humans, and suggests a strategy that can be employed for the controlled release of food macronutrients.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
10.
地表蚂蚁在云南萨王纳地区植被恢复过程中的指示作用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了查清地表蚂蚁在萨王纳地区人工植被恢复过程中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了云南省萨王纳地区人工林和自然植被地表蚂蚁多样性。(1)群落物种组成:采集蚂蚁40467头,隶属于5亚科19属47种。扁平虹臭蚁Iridomyrmes anceps是保护较好自然植被的常见种;而迈氏小家蚁Monomorium mayri是干扰较大的自然植被及多数人工林的常见种。(2)多度和α多样性:在人工林中,印楝林地表蚂蚁群落多度和α多样性最高,桉树林次之,新银合欢林最低。(3)群落相似性及β多样性:印楝林地表蚂蚁群落与自然植被灌草丛较接近,而其它人工林蚂蚁物种组成不相似;新银合欢林β多样性最高,βCs值在0.481—0.935;印楝林较低,βCs值在0.200—0.478。(4)相关性分析:地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度S值及ACE值和草本植物群落S值及ACE值均正相关。印楝林和桉树林具有较高的α多样性,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义;而新银合欢林是生境极度退化区域的重要植被恢复模式之一,这3种人工林对于萨王纳地区植被恢复具有重要作用。蚂蚁群落α多样性能够作为生物多样性的指示物,指示云南萨王纳地区植被恢复中生物多样性的状况。 相似文献