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1.
Conflicts between family members are expected to influence the duration and intensity of parental care. In mammals, the majority of this care occurs as resource transfer from mothers to offspring during gestation and lactation. Mating systems can have a strong influence on the severity of familial conflict—where female promiscuity is prevalent, conflict is expected to be higher between family members, causing offspring to demand more resources. If offspring are capable of manipulating their mothers and receive resources in proportion to their demands, resource transfer should increase with elevated promiscuity. We tested this prediction, unexplored across mammals, using a comparative approach. The total durations of gestation and lactation were not related to testes mass, a reliable proxy of female promiscuity across taxa. Offspring growth during gestation, however, and weaning mass, were positively correlated with testes mass, suggesting that offspring gain resources from their mothers at faster rates when familial conflict is greater. During gestation, the relationship between offspring growth and testes mass was also related to placenta morphology, with a stronger relationship between testes mass and growth observed in species with a less invasive placenta. Familial conflict could have a pervasive influence on patterns of parental care in mammals.  相似文献   
2.
Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels play essential roles in regulating diverse physiological processes. Although Kir channels are encoded in mosquito genomes, their functions remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified the members of the Anopheles gambiae Kir gene family and began to investigate their function. Notably, we sequenced the A. gambiae Kir1 (AgKir1) gene and showed that it encodes all the canonical features of a Kir channel: an ion pore that is composed of a pore helix and a selectivity filter, two transmembrane domains that flank the ion pore, and the so-called G-loop. Heterologous expression of AgKir1 in Xenopus oocytes revealed that this gene encodes a functional, barium-sensitive Kir channel. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments then showed that relative AgKir1 mRNA levels are highest in the pupal stage, and that AgKir1 mRNA is enriched in the adult ovaries. Gene silencing of AgKir1 by RNA interference did not affect the survival of female mosquitoes following a blood meal, but decreased their egg output. These data provide evidence for a new role of Kir channels in mosquito fecundity, and further validates them as promising molecular targets for the development of a new class of mosquitocides to be used in vector control.  相似文献   
3.
Size at sexual maturity, reproductive cycle, and fecundity of the guitarfish, Rhinobatos hynnicephalus, were examined in Ariake Bay, Japan. Females reached sexual maturity at a larger size than males [total length (TL) at 50% sexual maturity: males, 431 mm; females, 476 mm]. Monthly gonadosomatic indices of males decreased abruptly from July to August. Histological examinations confirmed the presence of mature spermatozoa in the testes in July, with semen in seminal vesicles in July and August. Preovulatory ova were observed in females with near-term embryos in August. Parturition occurred in August, immediately followed by mating, ovulation, and fertilization. Gestation period is approximately 1 year. Fertilized uterine eggs without embryonic development were present throughout the annual reproductive cycle. Embryonic development began in June and ended in August, indicating that R. hynnicephalus undergoes embryonic diapause (9 months). Fecundity increased with TL and ranged from 1 to 9 (mean, 4.4) embryos per litter.  相似文献   
4.
以n-3 HUFA含量为0.16%、1.27%、2.36%和3.47%的4种人工配合饲料(D1~D4)及天然饲料(冰鲜杂鱼,D5)饲养花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhynchus cinctus)雌亲鱼一周年,通过比较各饲料组亲鱼的产卵量、卵和仔鱼质量以及各月份的血浆性类固醇激素水平,研究n-3 HUFA对生殖性能及性类固醇激素水平季节性变化的影响。平均每kg雌鱼的产卵量、卵受精率、仔鱼存活率、开口仔鱼体长等,D2和D3组与D5组相近,但D1和D4组显著低于D5组;饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对血浆17β-雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)水平的季节性变化规律无明显影响,但亲鱼性腺发育与成熟时期的E2和T水平.D1和D4组较D5组显著降低。n-3 HUFA含量对亲鱼离体卵泡E2和T的分泌也有一定影响:D4组卵泡E2的基础分泌很少;绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG,100IU/mL)可刺激D2-D5组卵泡分泌E2和T,但D1组卵泡对HCG无反应。结果提示,花尾胡椒鲷亲鱼饲料中n-3 HUFA的适宜含量为1.27%-2.36%,不足或过高对亲鱼的生殖性能均有不利影响;通过影响性类固醇激素的产生可能是饲料中n-3 HUFA含量影响鱼类生殖性能的机制之一。  相似文献   
5.
Breeding strategies of Acrossocheilus fasciatus were studied from 592 specimens collected monthly during May 2007 and April 2008 in the Puxi Stream of the Huangshan Mountain.Sex ratio of the studied population was 0.90∶1(♀∶♂),not significantly different from 1∶1.Both sexes reached their first sexual maturity at age 2(the second calendar year of their birth).Fifty percent of females and males reached maturity at a total length of 69.75 mm and 69.36 mm respectively,and the minimum total length was 61.54 mm an...  相似文献   
6.
Many host–parasite interactions are regulated in part by the programmed cell death of host cells or the parasite. Here we review evidence suggesting that programmed cell death occurs during the early stages of the development of the malaria parasite in its vector. Zygotes and ookinetes of Plasmodium berghei have been shown to die by programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the midgut lumen of the vector Anopheles stephensi, or whilst developing in vitro. Several morphological markers, indicative of apoptosis, are described and evidence for the involvement of a biochemical pathway involving cysteine proteases discussed in relationship to other protozoan parasites. Malaria infection induces apoptosis in the cells of two mosquito tissues, the midgut and the follicular epithelium. Observations on cell death in both these tissues are reviewed including the role of caspases as effector molecules and the rescue of resorbing follicles resulting from inhibition of caspases. Putative signal molecules that might induce parasite and vector apoptosis are suggested including nitric oxide, reactive nitrogen intermediates, oxygen radicals and endocrine balances. Finally, we suggest that programmed cell death may play a critical role in regulation of infection by the parasite and the host, and contribute to the success or not of parasite establishment and host survival.  相似文献   
7.
松毛虫狭颊寄蝇(Carcelia matsukarehae)是松毛虫重要的寄生天敌之一,在控制松毛虫自然种群增长中起重要的作用.本文在15℃、18℃、22℃、25℃、29℃、32℃6个恒温,相对湿度为70%~85%,光照为12:12(L:D)的条件下研究了松毛虫狭颊寄蝇的生态学特性.结果表明,松毛虫狭颊寄蝇的世代发育起点温度是5.23℃,积温为523.73日·度,成虫寿命在没有补充营养的条件下为1.3~8.06d,喂以30%蜜糖水,寿命可以从9.63d延长到36.42d,成虫产卵的最适温度为23.6℃,每雌最大产量为86粒.种群增长最适温度22~25℃.以近似方法计算22℃和25℃下实验种群繁殖特征生命表参数,在22℃,R0、T0、rc和λ值分别为24.89、37.33、0.086和1.089,在25℃时分别为20.01、32.38、0.09和1.10.22℃时种群最大LxMx出现在成虫羽化后第33~38天,25℃时的LxMx最大值出现在成虫羽化后第29~34天.  相似文献   
8.
Early life history patterns were studied in the dominant euphausiids from the northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) in 2001-2004. Gravid females of Thysanoessa inermis were observed in April and May. Brood size varied from 10 to 1021 eggs with an average of 138 ± 19 (95% CI) eggs female− 1. Most gravid females started to release eggs within the first 2 days of incubation. The average number of eggs released per female was similar in incubation Day 1 and 2, but significantly smaller on Day 3 and 4. About 25% of the females were continuously releasing eggs over 3 days rather than producing a single distinctive brood. In contrast, gravid females of Euphausia pacifica were observed from early July through October. Most gravid females released eggs on the first day of observation, while only 2% of females produced eggs repeatedly. Brood size varied from 20 to 246 eggs with an average of 102 ± 12 (95% CI) eggs female− 1. The relationship between E. pacifica brood size and ambient chlorophyll-a concentration was sigmoidal (r2 = 0.73), with food saturated brood size of 144 ± 14(SE, P < 0.001) eggs, and half-saturation occurring at 0.46 ± 0.02(SE, P < 0.001) mg chlorophyll-a m− 3. The average interbrood interval of E. pacifica reared at 12 °C and satiated food conditions in the laboratory was ∼ 8 days, suggesting their potential individual fecundity in the GOA was 1148-1530 eggs per spawning season. Hatching and early development (from egg to furcilia stage) was studied under 5 °C, 8 °C and 12 °C. Hatching was nearly synchronous and lasted 3-6 h, depending on incubation temperature. Development times from egg to the first furcilia stage ranged between 20 and 33 days for T. inermis, and 15 and 45 days for E. pacifica at 12 °C and 5 °C, respectively.  相似文献   
9.
The identification of the environmental conditions inducing different ecophysiological responses in the different strains and populations of the brine shrimp Artemia should improve the understanding of their biogeographic distribution. Nauplii from two Argentinean brine shrimp populations, Artemia persimilis from Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo (province of La Pampa) and Artemia franciscana from Laguna Mar Chiquita (province of Cordoba), were grown up until adulthood at different salinities (30, 60, 90, 120 gL−1) and temperatures (12, 21, 28°C). The aim was to assess the effects of these different conditions on prereproductive life span and reproductive traits. Results evidenced that at 21 and 28°C, at any salinity, A. franciscana from Laguna Mar Chiquita attained higher survival and fecundity, after a shorter prereproductive period, than A. persimilis from Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo. These data support that A. franciscana, considered a superspecies, exhibits higher phenotypic plasticity than A. persimilis, and that A. persimilis is better adapted to lower temperatures than A. franciscana. These differences in temperature and salinity tolerance could explain the present distribution of these two species in the South Cone in South America. Handling Editor: J. Melack  相似文献   
10.
We studied the reproductive biology of the endemic Iranian cichlid Iranocichla hormuzensis, a maternal mouthbrooder, in the Mehran River. Overall sex ratio was 1.44 M: 1F indicating a significant male bias. Monthly sex ratios did not differ from unity except in May and June when the sex ratios were strongly biased in favor of males. Four different reproductive indices and the high frequency of large oocytes, all suggest that the Iranian cichlid spawns at the end of winter and the beginning of spring. Mircoscopic gonadal maturation stages for both males and females were correlated to the gonadosomatic indices. The maximum number of larvae in the mouth of a female was 153.  相似文献   
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