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1.
以景观生态学原理为指导,调查了位于太行山中低山区的河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷,对河谷内农田斑块的特征及其分布格局进行了分析,结果表明,农田斑块了作河流源头外贯穿整个河谷,从上游向下游,人为活动的增加使农田的比重不断增加,导致自然景观减少,环境异质性降低,农田斑块破碎化和蔼减小,胭脂河河谷总面积为2297.09hm^2,构成河谷景观主体的农田有117个斑块,面积为1027.78hm^2,占河谷面积的44.74%,农田基本紧靠河岸分布,处在水分条件优越但易受洪水威胁的土地带上,农田在河流两侧是非对称分布,其中左岸农田面积587.58hm^2,占57.17%,斑块的宽度呈增加的态势,但变化比较大,基本上以狭长的特征出现。  相似文献   
2.
The generally higher biodiversity on organic farms may be influenced by management features such as no synthetic pesticide and fertilizer inputs and/or by differences in uncropped habitat at the site and landscape scale. We analysed bird and habitat data collected on 48 paired organic and conventional farms over two winters to determine the extent to which broad-scale habitat differences between systems could explain overall differences in farmland bird abundance. Density was significantly higher on organic farms for six out of 16 species, and none on conventional. Total abundance of all species combined was higher on organic farms in both years. Analyses using an information-theoretic approach suggested that both habitat extent and farm type were important predictors only for starling and greenfinch. Organic farming as currently practised may not provide significant benefits to those bird species that are limited by winter food resources, in particular, several declining granivores.  相似文献   
3.
本文用一元线性模型理论分析了辽宁西部朝阳、建平、喀左和北票(市)4县17个乡范围内的农田防护林主要树种——杨树(Populus spp.)、白榆(Ulumus pumila)的优势高与地形地貌、土壤肥力等立地条件因子的关系,确定地貌类型、坡位和土层厚度是本区农田防护林立地条件的主导因子,然后以地貌类型为单元将本区农田防护林的立地条件划分为3个大类型。在此基础上,再用坡位和土层厚度分级与3个大类型组合细分为6个基本类型。最后确定各立地条件类型的适宜树种,并定量地评价主要树种对各立地条件类型的适宜性。  相似文献   
4.
生境适宜度指数模型研究进展   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
生境适宜度指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型作为一种生境评价方法,在土地管理规划和评估中得到大量应用.本文总结了HSI模型在野生动物生境评价中的开发及应用,重点介绍了利用3S技术进行HSI建模及与其他模型耦合进行生境评价的现状;阐述了利用多种统计方法对HSI模型的评估和验证;探讨了HSI模型在主观性和非通用性等方面存在的问题和局限性,最后,就HSI模型在野生动物生境评价中的发展前景进行了展望.  相似文献   
5.
In northcentral Namibia, Waterberg Plateau Park (WPP) is a protected area that acts as a refuge for rare and endangered species, while the farmlands surrounding the Park are managed for livestock production, but support populations of wildlife for game farming, trophy hunting, and conservation. During June–October 2006, camera-traps were set within and surrounding WPP to assess leopard (Panthera pardus) density (n = 19 camera stations and 946 camera-trap-nights). Fortuitously, photographic results (2,265 photos of identifiable mammal (n = 37) and bird (n = 25) species) allowed us to assess aspects of species diversity and differences among the Park, the farmland areas along the Waterberg Plateau escarpment, and the flatlands surrounding the escarpment. Species composition among the three areas was markedly different, and made sense with respect to differences in habitat and management features. Camera-trapping efforts, although intended for a narrow purpose, may also provide a rather robust record of differences in mammal and bird diversity in adjacent habitats and can be incorporated into long-term monitoring programs.  相似文献   
6.
This study examined predator faunas of artificial ground and shrub nests and whether nest predation risk was influenced by nest site, proximity to forest edge, and habitat structure in 38 grassland plots in south-central Sweden. There was a clear separation of predator faunas between shrub and ground nests as identified from marks in plasticine eggs. Corvids accounted for almost all predation on shrub nests whereas mammals mainly depredated ground nests. Nest predation risk was significantly greater for shrub than for ground nests at all distances (i.e. 0, 15 and 30 m) from the forest edge. However, nest predation risk was not significantly related to distance to forest edge, but significantly increased with decreasing distance to the nearest tree. Different corvid species robbed nests at different distances from the forest edge, with jays robbing nests closest to edges. We conclude that the relationship between the predation risk of grassland bird nests and distance to the forest edge mainly depends on the relative importance of different nest predator species and on the structure of the forest edge zone. A review of published articles on artificial shrub and ground nest predation in the temperate zone corroborated the results of our own study, namely that shrub nests experienced higher rates of depredation in open habitats close to the forest edge and that avian predators predominantly robbed shrub nests. Furthermore, the review results showed that predation rates on nests in general are highest <50 m inside the forest and lower in open as well as forest interior habitats (≥50 m from the edge). Received: 16 March 1998 / Accepted: 30 July 1998  相似文献   
7.
Although modern agriculture generally relies on homogeneous varieties that are usually grown in pure stands, crop variety mixtures have been used for a long time, notably to improve resistance to fungal diseases. A growing number of studies suggest that intraspecific plant diversity may also enhance the abundance and diversity of wild species and thereby some ecosystem services such as biological control by natural predators. However, positive effects of the genetic diversity of plant species on the diversity of associated communities have mostly been documented in natural systems, with only a handful of studies targeting crop species in agroecosystems. Here, we investigated the ecological effects of the number of winter wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum) on aboveground arthropods and particularly predatory species. We manipulated the number of wheat varieties (1, 2, 4 or 8) in 120 plots (80 m2 each) to examine how wheat diversity and stand characteristics impact communities of three dominant aboveground arthropod groups that include many predatory species: ground beetles, rove beetles and spiders. The number of wheat varieties had a weak, but positive effect on predator abundance, notably spider abundance. In contrast, wheat functional diversity, as assessed by the number of wheat functional groups, was only negatively related to the diversity of spiders. Among wheat stand characteristics, the variance in plant height, wheat biomass and the Green Area Index were weakly correlated with ground beetle, rove beetle and predatory diversity, respectively. The Green Area Index was also weakly correlated with ground beetle abundance. Our study suggests that wheat variety mixtures have variable and limited effects on aboveground arthropods and probably low effectiveness to enhance biological control, but these results should be further tested under low-input agriculture in real fields.  相似文献   
8.
《Mammalian Biology》2014,79(3):176-182
Rapid changes in agricultural landscape structure and composition affect many different farmland biotas, including carnivores, which are a key element of ecosystem stability, yet little is known about their distribution and habitat use. In this study, we evaluated how habitat characteristics on two different spatial scales (local and landscape scale) affected the forest-edge utilization by small and medium-sized carnivores in fragmented central European farmland. Based on an indirect method for detecting carnivores (scent stations), we sampled 212 forest fragments of different sizes (1–7864 ha) during April to May from 2006 to 2009. Our results indicate that carnivore utilization of forest-edge habitats was driven by landscape rather than local characteristics even though the overall extent of explained variation was small. The most important factors that determined response of the carnivore community were the area of farmland and that of urban land on a landscape scale. The corridor connectivity between small forest fragments and other spatial elements played a crucial role in the occurrence of red fox. Our results suggest that comprehensive studies on multi-species carnivore assemblage using scent station might be useful in evaluating species-specific response to habitat characteristics, especially if large numbers of stations visited by carnivores are available.  相似文献   
9.
华北平原冬小麦农田蒸散量   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
以华北平原冬小麦农田为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术和热红外遥感技术,研究了不同环境条件下土壤含水量与农田蒸散量及作物冠层温度的关系.结果表明,冬小麦在农田郁闭(LAI≥3)、晴天和土壤相对含水量低于田间持水量65%的情况下,蒸发比值日变化正午前后出现相对较低且平稳的变化趋势.在晴天情况下,农田潜热通量与作物冠层温度日变化和季节变化均呈极显著的非线性相关关系,而冠气温差、农田相对蒸散量则与0~100 cm土层的土壤相对含水量密切相关.以13:30~14:00的平均冠层温度值Tc、日最高气温Ta max和日净辐射总量Rnd为统计数据,确立了冬小麦农田日蒸散量ETd (mm)估算简化模式参数.  相似文献   
10.
黔西北地区农田鼠类群落结构的研究   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
黎道洪  罗蓉 《兽类学报》1996,16(2):136-141
本文根据黔西北地区农田鼠类的种类组成和数量,将该地区农田鼠类划分为如下4个鼠类群落:A.高山姬鼠+社鼠群落,B.黑线姬鼠+锡金小家鼠+高山姬鼠群落,C.黑线姬鼠+大足鼠+锡金小家鼠群落和D.黑线姬鼠+小家鼠群落。在群落B中多样性指数(1.433)和均匀性指数(0.689)最高,最低是群落A,分别为0.889和0.457;最高的优势度指数(0.505)是群落A,而群落B是0.303为最低;群落B和群落C之间的相似性指数(0.750)最高,群落A和群落D之间是0.075为最低。  相似文献   
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