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1.
全球性肥胖症及其代谢疾病已经严重影响人类健康。因此,对其进行治疗变得愈加重要。新近研究表明,激活棕色和米色脂肪可能成为对抗肥胖的有效途径。白色脂肪棕色化可使储存能量的白色脂肪转化为具有类似棕色脂肪产热特性的米色脂肪,来增加耗能,对抗肥胖。本文综述了棕色和米色脂肪激活剂及其作用机制的研究进展,并从纳米技术的角度展望了其在肥胖症治疗中的应用前景。  相似文献   
2.
Adaptive thermogenesis is the cellular process transforming chemical energy into heat in response to cold. A decrease in adaptive thermogenesis is a contributing factor to obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the compromised adaptive thermogenesis in obese subjects have not yet been elucidated. In this study we hypothesized that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation and subsequent inflammatory responses are key regulators to suppress adaptive thermogenesis. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were either fed a palmitate-enriched high fat diet or administered with chronic low-dose LPS before cold acclimation. TLR4 stimulation by a high fat diet or LPS were both associated with reduced core body temperature and heat release. Impairment of thermogenic activation was correlated with diminished expression of brown-specific markers and mitochondrial dysfunction in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). Defective sWAT browning was concomitant with elevated levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. Consistently, TLR4 activation by LPS abolished cAMP-induced up-regulation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in primary human adipocytes, which was reversed by silencing of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Moreover, the inactivation of ER stress by genetic deletion of CHOP or chemical chaperone conferred a resistance to the LPS-induced suppression of adaptive thermogenesis. Collectively, our data indicate the existence of a novel signaling network that links TLR4 activation, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby antagonizing thermogenic activation of sWAT. Our results also suggest that TLR4/ER stress axis activation may be a responsible mechanism for obesity-mediated defective brown adipose tissue activation.  相似文献   
3.
蝴蝶兰组培快繁及热激处理抑制褐变的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以9个蝴蝶兰品种的花梗和无菌苗叶片为试材,研究了不同品种间不定芽诱导率及增殖系数的差异,并选出增殖系数高、中、低的3个代表性品种‘内山姑娘’、‘梦幻兄弟’和‘万花筒’,对不定芽增殖条件进行优化,并对培养过程中褐变严重的品种‘内山姑娘’进行了热激处理抑制褐变的研究。结果表明:(1)相同条件下,不同蝴蝶兰品种间不定芽诱导率和增殖(分化)系数存在显著差异,且花梗芽诱导率和繁殖系数高的品种,其叶片的不定芽诱导率和分化系数也较高。(2)6-BA是影响蝴蝶兰不定芽增殖的主要因素,椰汁次之。培养基1/2MS+7.0mg.L-16-BA+0.2mg.L-1 NAA+100mL.L-1椰汁适于‘内山姑娘’和‘梦幻兄弟’品种的不定芽增殖,1/2MS+5.0mg.L-1 6-BA+0.2mg.L-1 NAA+50mL.L-1椰汁适合‘万花筒’品种的不定芽增殖。(3)40℃热激处理9min恢复48h后再切割接种能够显著减轻蝴蝶兰‘内山姑娘’叶片的褐变程度,热激处理后叶片组培过程中的褐变指数、总酚含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均显著低于对照,且三者的两两之间均具有极显著正相关关系,证明短时间的热激处理可降低酚合成酶PAL的活性,减少酚类化合物的积累,从而减轻组培过程中的褐变伤害。  相似文献   
4.
Epicotyl, petiole, and cotyledon explants derived from 14-d-old seedlings of Albizia odoratissima were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of either 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) solely or in combination with 0.5 μM naphthalene-3-acetic acid (NAA). The percentage of shoot regeneration and the number of shoots regenerated varied significantly depending on the type of explants used, the concentration of plant growth regulators, and the orientation of explants on the culture medium. The best response in terms of the percentage of shoot regeneration was obtained from epicotyls cultured horizontally on MS medium supplemented with 5 μM BAP, whereas the highest number of shoots per responding explant was recorded on medium containing 2.5 μM BAP and 0.5 μM NAA. Successful rooting was achieved by placing the microshoots onto MS medium containing 25 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for 24 h first, then transferring to the same medium without IBA. Of the various substrates tested, vermiculite was the best for plant acclimatization, as 75% of the plants survived and became established.  相似文献   
5.
  1. Increased concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in northern watersheds is a concern. Such browning affects aquatic food webs and biodiversity in multiple ways, not least through increased attenuation of short‐wave UV radiation, which may facilitate establishment of new predators. We examined the effects of browning on occurrence of the predatory larvae of the phantom midge, Chaoborus nyblaei, and quantified their impact on the Arctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta paludosa in ponds in alpine southern Norway.
  2. The predator was present only above certain levels of DOC (here represented by total organic carbon, TOC). Comet assays revealed a 50‐fold higher DNA damage in the population inhabiting a clearwater pond (3.9 mg TOC L?1), compared to that from a brownwater site (10.5 mg TOC L?1). Laboratory experiments corroborated the key role of browning in protection against UV‐related DNA damage.
  3. Chaoborus nyblaei was a highly effective predator on B. paludosa, which suffered major population declines in ponds where the predator was present. Indeed, extinction of B. paludosa has been observed at lower altitudes of the surveyed area over the past decades, possibly in parallel with warming and increased vegetation cover, as inferred from analyses of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the surveyed area. These shifts could clearly have favoured establishment of C. nyblaei in the region.
  4. Our results point to climate‐induced cascading effects in alpine ponds, whereby increased warming and terrestrial C‐fixation cause increased catchment export of DOC, leading to increased browning of water and associated food‐web changes.
  相似文献   
6.
Sunless tanning with dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is not considered to be a sunscreen although it does absorb parts of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. We investigated the protection with topical application of DHA against solar UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in lightly pigmented hairless hr/hr C3H/Tif mice. Broad-spectrum UV radiation, simulating the UV part of the solar spectrum was obtained from one Philips TL12 and five Bellarium-S SA-1-12 tubes. Three groups of mice were UV-exposed four times a week to a dose-equivalent of four times the standard erythema dose (SED), without or with application of 5 or 20% DHA only twice a week. Similarly, three groups of mice were treated with DHA and irradiated with a high UV dose (8 SED), simulating a skin burn. Two groups (controls) were not irradiated, but either left untreated or treated with 20% DHA alone. The UV-induced skin pigmentation by melanogenesis could easily be distinguished from DHA-induced browning and was measured by a non-invasive, semi-quantitative method. Application of 20% DHA reduced by 63% the pigmentation produced by 4 SED, however, only by 28% the pigmentation produced by 8 SED. Furthermore, topical application of 20% DHA significantly delayed the time to appearance of the first tumor ≥1 mm (P=0.0012) and the time to appearance of the third tumor (P=2×10−6) in mice irradiated with 4 SED. However, 20% DHA did not delay tumor development in mice irradiated with 8 SED. Application of 5% DHA did not influence pigmentation or photocarcinogenesis.In conclusion, this is the first study to show that the superficial skin coloring generated by frequent topical application of DHA in high concentrations may delay skin cancer development in hairless mice irradiated with moderate UV doses.  相似文献   
7.
以美国‘紫李’为试材,测定经间歇升温和热处理后果实的褐变度、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量、膜质过氧化水平、总酚和可滴定酸含量的变化。结果表明:间歇升温和热处理可适当恢复因冷害而降低的细胞抗氧化活性,清除活性氧自由基,减少膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累,抑制多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高,强化抗低温防御系统,阻止多酚逆境代谢发生,使冷害和褐变症状得以延缓和减轻;同时,还可抑制可滴定酸含量的减少和固酸比的上升,延缓后熟衰老。间歇升温处理,李贮藏两个月果实品质良好。初步认为,-0.5~0℃贮藏,每15 d加温至18~20℃并保持l d,是贮藏美国‘紫李’适宜的变温模式。  相似文献   
8.
荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶酶促褐变的研究   总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26  
从荔枝果皮分别提取多酚氧化酶及其天然底物,两者相作用,形成褐色产物,酶促褐变是荔枝果皮变褐的原因。 从荔枝果皮提取的酚类物质中分离出多酚氧化酶的天然底物。此底物的紫外吸收光谱分别在215和280 nm有一强的和一弱的吸收峰,它的红外吸收光谱在3190、1600、1500 cm~(-1)有很强的吸收峰。  相似文献   
9.
龙眼果实采后失水果皮褐变与活性氧及酚类代谢的关系   总被引:34,自引:1,他引:33  
研究了(10±1)℃和50%相对湿度贮藏条件下"福眼"龙眼果实果皮褐变与活性氧和酚类代谢的关系.结果表明,采后失水导致龙眼果实果皮褐变,果皮活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT、APX、GR活性和内源抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量下降,O-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,细胞膜透性迅速增大;PPO和POD活性增加,总酚和类黄酮含量明显下降.据此认为,果皮褐变可能是细胞的活性氧代谢失调,细胞膜结构破坏,使PPO、POD与酚类物质(含类黄酮)接触、酚类物质氧化的结果.  相似文献   
10.
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