Encapsulation of Enrofloxacin in Liposomes I: Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of LUV

Liposomes are effectively used in the treatment of microbial infections. Higher cellular uptake has been reported when antibiotics are encapsulated in liposomes. In this study, enrofloxacin (ENF) was encapsulated in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and the effects of formulation variables on the liposome characteristics were investigated. Liposomes were prepared using dry lipid film method. A number of variables such as molar ratios of phospholipid (DPPC; DL‐α‐phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl), cholesterol, ENF and amount of α‐tocopherol and the volumes of internal (chloroform) and external phases [phosphate buffered saline PBS (pH 7.4)] were studied. In vitro characterization of the liposomes including the encapsulation capacity, size and drug release properties were carried out. Using of this method, spherical LUV liposomes with high drug content could be produced. Particle size of liposomes changed between 3.12 and 4.95 µm. The molar ratios of DPPC, cholesterol and ENF affected the size of the liposome (p < 0.05). The drug encapsulation capacities were high and changed between 37.1% and 79.5%. The highest ENF encapsulation was obtained with the highest cholesterol content. An increase in the drug encapsulation capacity of the liposome was found with increasing molar ratios of DPPC, cholesterol and ENF (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the release of ENF from the liposomes decreased as the molar ratios of DPPC, cholesterol and ENF increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a convenient colloidal carrier for the controlled release of ENF can be prepared by changing the formulation parameters of LUVs.     

恩诺沙星在罗氏沼虾体内的药物代谢动力学

应用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)研究了恩诺沙星在罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachiumrosenbergii)体内的药物代谢动力学。实验结果表明,恩诺沙星在血淋巴、肝胰腺、肌肉中的平均回收率分别为86.54%±2.39%、85.43%±2.75%、95.01%±1.99%,其代谢产物环丙沙星在血淋巴、肝胰腺、肌肉中的平均回收率分别为94.34%±8.30%、75.17%±5.42%、80.42%±1.67%;恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在三种组织中的平均日内精密度分别为3.39%±0.53%和3.92%±1.24%,而日间精密度分别为5.11%±1.73%和5.28%±2.10%。恩诺沙星、环丙沙星的最低检测限分别为0.02μg/ml和0.01μg/ml。罗氏沼虾以10mg/kg虾体重剂量单次肌肉注射给药后,血液中药物浓度即刻达到峰值,并迅速向组织中分布。实验数据经MCPKP药动学软件分析,恩诺沙星在血淋巴中的主要药物代谢动力学参数为:t1/2α为0.581h、t1/2β为69.315h、Vd/F为7.230L/kg、CL/F为0.035L/h.kg、K12为0.01/h、K21为0.005/h、AUC为291.898μg/ml.h、Tmax为0.083h、Cmax为6.293μg/ml;恩诺沙星在肝胰腺、肌肉组织中主要药动学参数:t1/2α为1.941h、0.000h;t1/2β为70.732h、59.456h;AUC为308.07μg/ml.h、217.039μg/ml.h。三种组织中均能检测到恩诺沙星的活性代谢产物环丙沙星,但含量均处于较低水平,药物浓度-时间数据经MCPKP药动学软件处理后,不能用开放性一室模型或二室模型拟合。     

恩诺沙星对4种水产致病弧菌的抑杀菌效应

采用二倍稀释法测定恩诺沙星对溶藻弧菌、最小弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、创伤弧菌4种12株菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),结果表明:恩诺沙星对12株弧菌的MIC为0.1?0.8 mg/L,MBC为0.4?3.2 mg/L。在此基础上,从每种菌中选取一株对恩诺沙星较为敏感的菌株,研究恩诺沙星不同药物浓度(1 MIC、2 MIC、4 MIC)对4种弧菌的杀菌动力学和抗菌后效应(PAE),结果显示:各浓度恩诺沙星对溶藻弧菌X040625-R菌株均有较强的杀菌作用,而对哈维氏弧菌M071202-H、创伤弧菌Q050723-C、最小弧菌H010911-Z等3菌株却表现出了低浓度抑菌、高浓度缓慢杀菌的作用。恩诺沙星的抗菌后效应PAE与药物浓度及细菌与药物的接触时间成正相关,恩诺沙星对溶藻弧菌X040625-R的PAE最长,对哈维氏弧菌M071202-H的PAE最短。     

恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌生长及吸附的影响

本实验通过观察不同浓度恩诺沙星对固体培养条件下蛭弧菌产生噬斑和液体培养条件下蛭弧菌增殖的情况,以及蛭弧菌在不同浓度恩诺沙星下吸附到载体上的情况,研究了恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16生长及吸附的影响.实验发现:2μg/mL、5μg/mL、10μg/mL、20μg/mL和50μg/mL恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16噬斑的产生及增殖均具有抑制作用(P<0.05).在固体培养72 h后.随着恩诺沙星浓度逐渐增大,蛭弧菌BDF-H16产生的噬斑数目逐渐减少;在液体培养72 h后,随着恩诺沙星的浓度逐渐增高,蛭弧菌BDF-H16的增殖浓度不断减少,但10μg/mL恩诺沙星并没有改变蛭弧菌BDF-H16的生长趋势.此外,以沸石作为吸附载体,2μg/mL、5 μg/mL、10 μg/mL、20 μg/mL和50 μg/mL恩诺沙星降低了蛭弧菌BDF-H16吸附量,随着恩诺沙星浓度的增大,蛭弧菌BDF-H16的吸附量逐渐降低,而蛭弧菌BDF-H16的吸附率却在一定恩诺沙星浓度(2 μg/mL～20μg/mL)下却有所升高(P<0.05).以上结果表明,恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16噬斑的产生及增殖具有抑制作用,但在有载体存在的情况下,蛭弧菌的吸附能力在一定恩诺沙星浓度范围内有所增强,添加载体沸石有助于降低恩诺沙星对蛭弧菌BDF-H16的不良影响.     

Preparation and antibacterial evaluation of decarboxylated fluoroquinolones

Decarboxylated ciprofloxacin (3) has been reported in the literature to have antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens and especially potent activity against Escherichia coli. Herein, we report our syntheses of 3 and five additional decarboxylated fluoroquinolones (FQs). We have re-evaluated the antibacterial activity of these FQs. In contrast to previously reported data, none of these decarboxylated fluoroquinolones showed significant antibacterial activity in our assays using both the broth dilution and agar methods. Our study confirmed that the presence of a carboxylic acid group at the 3-position of the fluoroquinolone scaffold is essential for antibacterial activity.     

不同温度下恩诺沙星及其代谢物在斑点叉尾鲖各组织中的残留及消除规律比较

分别在18℃和28℃水温下, 以20 mg/(kg·d)鱼体质量对斑点叉尾鲙给药恩诺沙星, 连续灌胃7d。给药后在不同的时间点取样, 用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测, 研究恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内(血液、肌肉、皮肤、肝脏和肾脏)的残留消除规律。结果表明, 恩诺沙星在不同组织、不同水温消除速率不同: 水温为18℃, 皮肤、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的消除曲线方程分别为C=1022.1e–0.034t、C=2601.3e–0.046t、C=2903.6e–0.072t和C=1186.5e–0.036t, 消除半衰期分别为31.79d、45.29d、16.15d和35.54d; 水温为28℃, 皮肤、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的消除曲线方程分别为C=8805.5e–0.04t、C=3154e–0.08t、C=4145.1e–0.1t和C=1302.1e–0.068t, 消除半衰期分别为18.33d、6.26d、12.44d和10.34d。恩诺沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内可代谢为环丙沙星, 恩诺沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内的代谢速度较慢, 代谢物环丙沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内的消除速度比恩诺沙星快; 在18℃水温下, 斑点叉尾鲙肉中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星完全消除需要150d以上; 在28℃水温下, 斑点叉尾鲙肉中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星完全消除需要120d。在实验条件下, 建议水温为18℃和28℃时, 休药期分别为3240℃·日和4200℃·日。     

恩诺沙星对银鲫急性毒性及血液生化指标的影响

为了解恩诺沙星对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)的急性毒性及血液生化指标的影响,评价恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的安全性.本实验研究了恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的急性毒性,并观察了恩诺沙星在不同剂量下对异育银鲫血液生化指标的影响.实验结果表明,恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的半数致死剂量为1 949.84 mg/kg,安全剂量为194.98 mg/kg.当恩诺沙星以常规给药剂量(20 mg/kg)连续口灌异育银鲫30 d时,异育银鲫的血清总蛋白含量、谷丙转氨酶含量、谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶含量与对照组没有显著变化;而当恩诺沙星以40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg、160 mg/kg、320 mg/kg的剂量连续口灌异育银鲫30 d时,异育银鲫的血清谷丙转氨酶含量较对照组分别增加了23％、30％、46％、86％ (P ＜0.05),血清谷草转氨酶含量较对照组分别增加了37％、42％、69％、86％(P＜0.05).本研究确定了恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的安全剂量,证实了恩诺沙星引起异育银鲫出现肝功能失调的剂量范围,对恩诺沙星在异育银鲫养殖中的安全使用提供了科学依据,也证实常规给药剂量(20 mg/kg)的恩诺沙星不会导致异育银鲫出现肝损伤.     

兽药恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin)的水解特性

研究了恩诺沙星在不同pH、不同光照及不同微生物条件下的水解,为其生态风险评价提供依据.结果表明,恩诺沙星的水解产物中没有环丙沙星;50 ℃时,避光5 d后恩诺沙星在pH 1～10缓冲液中的水解都小于10%,表明恩诺沙星在恒温避光下的水解半衰期将超过1年,同时溶液pH值的变化对恩诺沙星的水解速率无显著影响;恩诺沙星在天然水中的降解与光照有关,在室外自然光照条件下恩诺沙星降解很快,3 d后水中已经检测不出恩诺沙星.在室内自然光下,恩诺沙星降解较慢,在初始浓度分别为0.05、0.2、1.0 mg·L^-1条件下,31 d试验期内分别降解了48%、72%和65%;在避光条件下,恩诺沙星非常稳定,不易降解.在不同初始浓度下,微生物对恩诺沙星的水解无显著影响.由于恩诺沙星在室外自然光照条件下会迅速降解,因此不会对水环境构成直接的危害,但不能忽视其潜在的生态风险.     

Modulatory effect of three antibiotics on uterus bovine contractility in vitro and likely therapeutic approaches in reproduction

This in vitro study investigates the modulatory effect of three antibiotics (amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and rifaximin) on contractility of the bovine uterine tissue in follicular and luteal phases. The effects of these antibiotics at three single doses (10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁵, and 10⁻⁴ M) on their basal contractility were evaluated in isolated organ bath. The functionality of the strip throughout the experiment was evaluated by a dose of carbachol (10⁻⁵ M); the obtained effect had to be repeatable (difference of ≤20%) that is comparable to that induced by the previous administration of the same substance. The results demonstrate the different modulatory activities of these antibiotics on uterine contractility in follicular and luteal phases. The effects induced by amoxicillin and enrofloxacin are opposite: the first relaxes and the second increases the uterine contractility in both cycle phases. Instead, the activity of rifaximin varies depending on the phase of estrous cycle: it increases in the follicular phase and relaxes in the luteal phase. The obtained data provide the hypothesis of possible implications of these drugs in the pharmacologic modulation of uterine contractions. Their action at this level, associated with their specific antimicrobial effects, could suggest using these antibiotics for the treatment of diseases related to postpartum or infections that may occur in pregnant cattle, by virtue of their effects on myometrial contractility too.     

恩诺沙星分子印迹电化学传感器的制备及其在食品快速检测中的应用

以恩诺沙星(ENRO)为模板分子,邻苯二胺(OPD)和邻氨基苯酚(OAP)为复合功能单体,在NaAc-HAc缓冲液中,采用电聚合法在玻碳电极表面制备了能够特异识别模板分子及其结构类似物的分子印迹电化学传感器。试验选用含1mol/L氯化钾及1mmol/L铁氰化钾的混合液作为表征溶液,采用循环伏安法和方波伏安法研究了传感器的电化学响应特性,并优化制备和检测条件。结果表明,在最佳条件下,恩诺沙星在2×10~(-6)mol/L～4×10~(-5)mol/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,检出限为7. 0×10~(-7)mol/L,该传感器具有良好的稳定性和重现性,对恩诺沙星以及结构类似物具有良好的选择性。采用该传感器对实际样品牛奶、鸡肉、猪肉和鸡蛋中的恩诺沙星进行检测,加标回收率在83. 2%～92. 7%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1. 0%～4. 8%之间(n=5),该传感器选择性强、稳定性好、操作简便、检测快速灵敏、成本低、具有良好的应用前景。