Spatial distribution and mortality process ofAnoplophora malasiaca (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) eggs in citrus groves

The study was carried out in two (A and B) citrus groves to clarify the spatial distribution patterns of eggs and larvae, and to analyse the mortality process of eggs. From the analysis by using the mean density and the mean crowding, it was clarified that the distributions of eggs were contagious and that larvae were more contagiously distributed than eggs. The τ and z indices showed that the operation of egg mortality was inversely density-dependent in both groves, and that the degree of inverse density-dependence was greater in A than in B grove. The spatial correlations between the emergence holes and the eggs or larvae in each tree, which were analysed by using ω index, showed that the distributions were more overlapping between the emergence holes and the larvae than the eggs. As the result of dividing trees into several groups according to the number of emergence holes, it was clarified that the survival rates of eggs were positively correlated with the number of emergence holes. In conclusion, inversely density-dependent mortality process was considered to be caused by lower mortality rates of eggs in the trees with more emergence holes. Especially in A grove, because the trees with more emergence holes were larger in diameter and more egg oviposition, the inversely density-dependent mortality process was considered to be detected more conspicuously than in B grove.     

Sexual dimorphism in the emergence of deciduous teeth: its relationship with growth components in height

Sexual dimorphism in the emergence of the deciduous dentition of French-Canadian children may be explained by differences in recumbent length. Relative to the chronological age scale, boys are longer and their teeth emerge earlier than girls. Recumbent lengths attained at the exact age of emergence, as estimated by fifth-order polynomials fitted to each subject's serial data, are comparable between the sexes. Multi- and univariate analyses of variance show no significant sex differences in the lengths attained at the age of emergence of the deciduous teeth. These findings suggest that clinical standards for emergence of deciduous teeth scaled relative to length rather than chronological age are more accurate and efficient.     

Seed dispersal and seedling emergence in an old field community in central New York (USA)

Summary Seed dispersal and seedling emergence of common taxa growing in a Solidago-dominated old field in central New York (USA) were monitored from May 1982 to June 1984. Over 3.5x10⁴ seeds per m² were captured on seed traps in each of the two years, with peaks occuring in July (due to Hieracium) and in November (due to Solidago). About 4.0x10³ seedling/m² emerged beneath the intact community in each of the two years. Although seedlings emerged predominantly in the early spring, a secondary peak occurred in September and October when many seedlings of introduced grasses appeared. Two additional aspects of the reproductive biology of the major taxa were related to the seasonal timing of seed dispersal: As the date of peak seed dispersal (among taxa) became progressively later in the season, (1) the duration of dispersal increased from about one week to about one-half year, and (2) the delay between the peak of seed dispersal and the peak of seedling emergence increased from a few days to about one-half year.     

Comparative ontogeny of photobehavioural responses of charrs (Salvelinus species)

Synopsis The development of photobehavioural responses in brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) and lake (S. namaycush) charr was studied by monitoring the intrasubstrate movements and concurrent photoresponse behaviour of incubated embryos and alevins. Photoresponse behaviour of both F-1 hybrids of the parent species was also recorded. All embryos initially moved downward in the substrate, however brook charr descended farther and faster into the substrate than did lake charr. Photoresponse tests demonstrated a similar pattern of photoresponse transformation from a photonegative to a photopositive state in both species. However, photoresponse reversal was faster, more extensive and occurred later in brook charr than in lake charr. Patterns of photoresponse change in F-1 hybrids were intermediate between those of the parent species. Photoresponse shifts preceded the onset of alevin emergence in both species. occurring when differential development of various morphological characters existed. Developmental states of characters were synchronously maximal towards the end of alevin emergence. Intermediate measures of morphological development were observed for F-1 hybrids. Possible functions and mechanisms of photoresponse transitions are discussed in relation to ecological differences between the species.     

Examination of the influences of density pressure on the pattern of adult emergence with reference to the azuki bean weevil,Callosobruchus chinensis

Summary The effect of competition pressure on the sequential pattern of adult emergence was studied by using the experimental population of the azuki bean weevil. The density and pattern of emergence curves of the parental adult induced the changes in the shape of emergence curve of the progeny as well as the number of progeny individuals. In order to explain these changes, a simple mathematical model which has two independent variables, the population density and the capacity of environment, was introduced. The model generated basically similar patterns of emergene curves as observed in the present experiments. This means that the model displayed well the competition pressure which differentially acted upon early-born and late-born individuals in the populations being at different densities and which were differentially received by individual progeny according to the sequential distributions of parents. This different severity of competition pressure resulted in the difference of time when the pressure compelled influences on the sequential distribution of adult emergence. Therefore, early developed individuals may have good chance to survive, but the competition pressure works as a factor modifying their fundamental superiority, especially in the scramble type of competition. Intense crowding of the azuki bean weevil gave rise to the scramble type of competition in the relation between the numbers of adults emerged in two successive generations. When parental emergence concentrated in a short term and at high density, the competition becomes intense, resulting in the inferiority of early developed individuals, in the decrease in number at the next generation and in the increase of duration for emergence.     

Experimental investigations of benthic reentry by migrating meiobenthic copepods

The resettlement behavior of meiobenthic copepods, which actively migrated from sediments in a seagrass bed, was investigated in a shallow subtidal area in Tampa Bay, Florida, U.S.A. Experimental studies were conducted to determine whether meiobenthic copepods after emerging from sediments at sunset reenter the sedimentary substratum or select other subhabitats, water and seagrass blades. Migrating copepods were collected with emergence traps and transferred to experimental aquaria in the field which contained sediment, seagrass-blade and water treatments. Settlement into each type of treatment was measured in separate 2-h and 9-h experiments. Differences in densities of copepod taxa retrieved from emergence traps and introduced into experimental aquaria were recorded as were differing relative proportions of each copepod species returning to the substratum treatments. Settlement patterns of total copepods and three dominant copepod species, Zausodes arenicolus, Halicyclops sp. and Robertsonia hamata, departed from those expected by chance. The populations of R. hamata and Halicyclops sp. which settled were generally skewed towards males and a close matching of males and copepodites within treatment dishes was evident. Similar to nighttime-emergence patterns, timing and magnitude of postmigration reentry differs among copepod taxa and such reentry may be linked to reproductive events. Complex behavioral processes previously noted for fish and macrofaunal organisms in seagrass beds may also be important in recruitment and reassortment of meiobenthic copepods.     

Life history and population dynamics of the Japanese Yam,Dioscorea japonica Thunb.

The adaptive significance of the emergence mode ofDioscorea japonica was studied with respect to initial plant size (seed, bulbil and tuber) and light intensity, using mathematical simulation based on Yokoi's (1976) model. Under 1.5% full sunlight conditions, plants emerging with only one leaf did not develop a shoot system throughout the growing period (Hori and Oshima, 1986). Simulation indicated that, for this species of plant under poor productive conditions, the optimal time for switch-over from the vegetative to reproductive growth phase to maximize the tuber weight at the end of the growing period, occurred immediately following the start of autotrophic growth. By means of shoot growth patterns, small and large size plants acquired the ability of shade tolerance and shade avoidance, respectively. Further, the life history ofD. japonica could be expressed as a flow chart based on plant size and light intensity data.     

Role of the acquisition of a type 3 secretion system in the emergence of novel pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas

Cases of emergence of novel plant-pathogenic strains are regularly reported that reduce the yields of crops and trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such emergence are still poorly understood. The acquisition by environmental non-pathogenic strains of novel virulence genes by horizontal gene transfer has been suggested as a driver for the emergence of novel pathogenic strains. In this study, we tested such an hypothesis by transferring a plasmid encoding the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and four associated type 3 secreted proteins (T3SPs) to the non-pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas CFBP 7698 and CFBP 7700, which lack genes encoding T3SS and any previously known T3SPs. The resulting strains were phenotyped on Nicotiana benthamiana using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and image analysis. Wild-type, non-pathogenic strains induced a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis, whereas strains complemented with T3SS and T3SPs suppressed this response. Such suppression depends on a functional T3SS. Amongst the T3SPs encoded on the plasmid, Hpa2, Hpa1 and, to a lesser extent, XopF1 collectively participate in suppression. Monitoring of the population sizes in planta showed that the sole acquisition of a functional T3SS by non-pathogenic strains impairs growth inside leaf tissues. These results provide functional evidence that the acquisition via horizontal gene transfer of a T3SS and four T3SPs by environmental non-pathogenic strains is not sufficient to make strains pathogenic. In the absence of a canonical effector, the sole acquisition of a T3SS seems to be counter-selective, and further acquisition of type 3 effectors is probably needed to allow the emergence of novel pathogenic strains.     

Reduction, integration and emergence in biochemical networks

Most studies of molecular cell biology are based upon a process of decomposition of complex biological systems into their components, followed by the study of these components. The aim of the present paper is to discuss, on a physical basis, the internal logic of this process of reduction. The analysis is performed on simple biological systems, namely protein and metabolic networks. A multi-sited protein that binds two ligands x and y can be considered the simplest possible biochemical network. The organization of this network can be described through a comparison of three systems, i.e. XY, X and Y. X and Y are component sub-systems that collect states x(i) and y(j), respectively, i.e. protein states that have bound either i molecules of x (whether or not these states have also bound y), or j molecules of y (whether or not these states have bound x). XY is a system made up of the specific association of X and Y that collects states x(i)y(j). One can define mean self-informations per node of the network, , and . Reduction of the system XY into its components is possible if, and only if, ,is equal to the sum of and . If is smaller than the sum of and , the system is integrated, for it has less self-information than the set of its components X and Y. It can also occur that , be larger than the sum of and . Hence, the system XY displays negative integration and emergence of self-information relative to its components X and Y. Such a system is defined as complex. Positive or negative integration of the system implies it cannot be reduced to its components. The degree of integration can be measured by a function , called mutual information of integration. In the case of enzyme networks, emergence of self-information is associated with emergence of catalytic activity. Moreover, if the enzyme reaction is part of a metabolic sequence, its mutual information of integration can be increased by an effect of context of this sequence.