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1.
目的:尝试用混合喂养法建立一种与临床相仿的成年营养性肥胖大鼠模型。方法:55只8周龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组10只(普通饲料喂养)和实验组45只(混合喂养),喂养2周后实验组剔除肥胖抵抗大鼠。每周记录大鼠体重,喂养9周后观察两组大鼠体重、体长、Lee's指数、空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂、葡萄糖耐量水平和肝脏组织病理改变。结果:喂养第9周末,实验组大鼠和对照组大鼠体重分别为(645.6±34.8)g和(483.3±31.5)g,Lee's指数分别为(326.3±24.2)和(302.7±19.8),组间比较有显著差异(P0.05)。实验组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、FPG、糖负荷后30、60、120分钟血糖均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。HE染色病理结果显示实验组大鼠肝脏均出现脂肪样变,而对照组未见明显变性。结论:本研究所应用的混合喂养法可以稳定成功地建立伴有葡萄糖耐量减低和高脂血症的成年营养性肥胖大鼠模型。  相似文献   
2.
Cardiac sodium (Na+)-calcium (Ca2+) exchanger 1 (NCX1) is central to the maintenance of normal Ca2+ homeostasis and contraction. Studies indicate that the Ca2+-activated protease calpain cleaves NCX1. We hypothesized that calpain is an important regulator of NCX1 in response to pressure overload and aimed to identify molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of calpain binding and cleavage of NCX1 in the heart. NCX1 full-length protein and a 75-kDa NCX1 fragment along with calpain were up-regulated in aortic stenosis patients and rats with heart failure. Patients with coronary artery disease and sham-operated rats were used as controls. Calpain co-localized, co-fractionated, and co-immunoprecipitated with NCX1 in rat cardiomyocytes and left ventricle lysate. Immunoprecipitations, pull-down experiments, and extensive use of peptide arrays indicated that calpain domain III anchored to the first Ca2+ binding domain in NCX1, whereas the calpain catalytic region bound to the catenin-like domain in NCX1. The use of bioinformatics, mutational analyses, a substrate competitor peptide, and a specific NCX1-Met369 antibody identified a novel calpain cleavage site at Met369. Engineering NCX1-Met369 into a tobacco etch virus protease cleavage site revealed that specific cleavage at Met369 inhibited NCX1 activity (both forward and reverse mode). Finally, a short peptide fragment containing the NCX1-Met369 cleavage site was modeled into the narrow active cleft of human calpain. Inhibition of NCX1 activity, such as we have observed here following calpain-induced NCX1 cleavage, might be beneficial in pathophysiological conditions where increased NCX1 activity contributes to cardiac dysfunction.  相似文献   
3.
《Journal of biomechanics》2014,47(16):3862-3867
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that running at fixed fractions of Froude (Nfr) and Strouhal (Str) dimensionless numbers combinations induce dynamic similarity between humans of different sizes. Nineteen subjects ran in three experimental conditions, (i) constant speed, (ii) similar speed (Nfr) and (iii) similar speed and similar step frequency (Nfr and Str combination). In addition to anthropometric data, temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters were assessed at each stage to measure dynamic similarity informed by dimensional scale factors and by the decrease of dimensionless mechanical parameter variability. Over a total of 54 dynamic parameters, dynamic similarity from scale factors was met for 16 (mean r=0.51), 32 (mean r=0.49) and 52 (mean r=0.60) parameters in the first, the second and the third experimental conditions, respectively. The variability of the dimensionless preceding parameters was lower in the third condition than in the others. This study shows that the combination of Nfr and Str, computed from the dimensionless energy ratio at the center of gravity (Modela-r) ensures dynamic similarity between different-sized subjects. The relevance of using similar experimental conditions to compare mechanical dimensionless parameters is also proved and will highlight the study of running techniques, or equipment, and will allow the identification of abnormal and pathogenic running patterns. Modela-r may be adapted to study other abilities requiring bounces in human or animal locomotion or to conduct investigations in comparative biomechanics.  相似文献   
4.
To obtain breast motion relative to the trunk, skin markers are used to define a local coordinate system (trunk), with respect to the global reference frame. This study aimed to quantify any differences in multiplanar breast displacement relative to the trunk using the first axis of rotation as either the mediolateral or longitudinal axis. Ten female participants ran on a treadmill (10 kph) in three different breast supports (no bra, everyday bra, sports bra). Four reflective markers placed on the trunk and right nipple were tracked using eight infrared cameras (200 Hz) during five running gait cycles in each breast support condition. Following marker identification, right breast multiplanar displacements were calculated relative to the trunk using either the mediolateral axis or the longitudinal axis as the first rotational axis to define the orthogonal local coordinate system. Results showed that there was a significant difference (8.2%) in superioinferior breast displacement in the sports bra condition when calculated using different axes conventions for the trunk segment. Furthermore, the greatest magnitude of breast displacement occurred in a different direction depending upon the selection of the first rotational axis. The definition of the primary reference axis of the trunk significantly alters the magnitude of superioinferior breast displacement and therefore it is recommended that the previously reported ‘stable’ longitudinal axis should be defined as the first rotational axis during running. Caution should also be used as the axes convention influences the magnitude and direction of breast support requirements, which has important implications for bra design.  相似文献   
5.
Hill-type muscle models are commonly used in biomechanical simulations to predict passive and active muscle forces. Here, a model is presented which consists of four elements: a contractile element with force–length and force–velocity relations for concentric and eccentric contractions, a parallel elastic element, a series elastic element, and a serial damping element. With this, it combines previously published effects relevant for muscular contraction, i.e. serial damping and eccentric force–velocity relation. The model is exemplarily applied to arm movements. The more realistic representation of the eccentric force–velocity relation results in human-like elbow-joint flexion. The model is provided as ready to use Matlab ®® and Simulink ®® code.  相似文献   
6.
Applied ecology is based on an assumption that a management action will result in a predicted outcome. Testing the prediction accuracy of ecological models is the most powerful way of evaluating the knowledge implicit in this cause-effect relationship, however, the prevalence of predictive modeling and prediction testing are spreading slowly in ecology. The challenge of prediction testing is particularly acute for small-scale studies, because withholding data for prediction testing (e.g., via k-fold cross validation) can reduce model precision. However, by necessity small-scale studies are common. We use one such study that explored small mammal abundance along an elevational gradient to test prediction accuracy of models with varying degrees of information content. For each of three small mammal species, we conducted 5000 iterations of the following process: (1) randomly selected 75 % of the data to develop generalized linear models of species abundance that used detailed site measurements as covariates, (2) used an information theoretic approach to compare the top model with detailed covariates to habitat type-only and null models constructed with the same data, (3) tested those models’ ability to predict the 25 % of the randomly withheld data, and (4) evaluated prediction accuracy with a quadratic loss function. Detailed models fit the model-evaluation data best but had greater expected prediction error when predicting out-of-sample data relative to the habitat type models. Relationships between species and detailed site variables may be evident only within the framework of explicitly hierarchical analyses. We show that even with a small but relatively typical dataset (n = 28 sampling locations across 125 km over two years), researchers can effectively compare models with different information content and measure models’ predictive power, thus evaluating their own ecological understanding and defining the limits of their inferences. Identifying the appropriate scope of inference through prediction testing is ecologically valuable and is attainable even with small datasets.  相似文献   
7.
The 2011 MV Rena grounding on Otāiti (Astrolabe reef) in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand is considered to be New Zealand’s worst maritime environmental disaster and one of the most expensive shipwreck and oil spill salvage and recovery operations ever undertaken, with the clean-up currently costing in excess of $660 million (NZD) (Schiel et al., 2016; Beca, 2014). The resultant environmental impacts due to the fuel oil spilled and flotsam were also experienced anthropocentrically as economic, social and cultural impacts. The presence and consideration of impacts experienced by the indigenous groups of the impacted regions within the on-going recovery process is a major contributing factor to the uniqueness of this scenario internationally. The scale and complexity of impacts from this disaster is without precedent in New Zealand. The consideration of past and potential future impacts is especially significant in present times, with the resource consent application to leave the remnants of the wreck and associated debris in place on the reef and seabed, being granted on February 26 2016.The assessment builds on the methodology presented by Faaui et al. (2016) which established indicator sets for measuring impacts upon the mauri of the affected environments (post-Rena state) and assessing the state of the environment prior to the grounding (pre-Rena state). Using the sustainability indicator sets compiled previously by Faaui et al. (2016), the Mauri Model Decision Making Framework has been used to present a holistic assessment of the impacts of the disaster on the reef and surrounding ecosystems, from October 2011 (date of the grounding) to October 2015. These indicators have been expanded on, defining the threshold conditions for scoring the indicators within the Mauri Model. The impact assessment methodology has included a process that identifies the indicator scoring thresholds which ensures objectivity in the scoring of indicators, and therefore the impact assessment, allowing for repeatable and robust results.This assessment is the first use of the Mauri Model Decision Making Framework at this scale, providing a holistic assessment of the impacts experienced within the Rena affected regions in this post-Rena time period. This research leads directly into the post resource consent time period and the associated future impacts as a result of the consent and given consent conditions.  相似文献   
8.
江苏省区域农业生态经济的时空变异分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
唐婷  李超  张雷  吕坤  周治国 《生态学报》2014,34(14):4025-4036
以江苏省徐连、沿海、宁镇扬、沿江和太湖5个经济区及其9个代表县市区域为研究对象,基于"社会-生态-经济"的系统分析,建立了包括目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次多指标的农业生态经济综合评价指标体系,采用主成分分析方法对评价指标体系进行检验、筛选,并以江苏省为案例,综合分析了农业生态经济系统的时空变异特征。结果表明:江苏省农业生态经济发展水平的时空变异明显,空间上,徐连、沿海、宁镇扬、沿江和太湖5个经济区表现出由北向南逐渐上升的趋势,且随时间的推移逐渐上升;时间上,徐连和太湖经济区农业生态经济发展水平在1999—2008年间呈持续上升,处于良好或优质协调状态。虽然两经济区的农业生态环境-经济发展协调发展水平均较高,但差距较大,徐连和太湖经济区的农业生态环境-经济发展协调度从1999年到2008年呈逐渐下降趋势,但总体上仍处于良好或优质协调状态。  相似文献   
9.
In the present study, photosynthetic parameters including gas exchanges, pigment contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence, were compared in two contrasting local Medicago truncatula lines TN6.18 and TN8.20, in response to salt added to the nutrient solution. Plants were cultivated under symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) after inoculation with a reference strain Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011, a very tolerant strain to salinity (700 mM NaCl), and grown in a controlled glasshouse. On one month old plants (with active SNF), salt treatment (75 mM NaCl) was gradually applied. Photosynthesis, assimilating pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored throughout the experiment during both short and long terms, compared to control (non-saline) conditions. A genotypic variation in salt tolerance was found; TN6.18 was the more sensitive to salinity. The relative tolerance of TN8.20 was concomitant with the highest photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) affecting the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Y); the real quantum yield (?exc) was the most affected in the sensitive line. Moreover, stomatal and PSII reaction centers activities differed clearly between the studied lines. We found that the effect of salinity on photosynthesis of M. truncatula was related to PSII activity reduction rather than to stomatal conductance limitation. Photosynthesis was reduced by the inhibition of CO2 assimilation caused by PSII damage. This was clearly estimated by the Y, ?exc and especially by the quantum yield of electron transport of PSII (ΦPSII). Thus, on the basis of our results on the two local M. truncatula lines, we recommend the use of chlorophyll fluorescence as non-destructive screening method to discriminate susceptible and resistant legumes to salt stress.  相似文献   
10.
The formation of pores by membrane-inserted diphtheria toxin is closely linked to the translocation of its catalytic chain across membranes. In this report a number of aromatic polyanionic molecules were identified that inhibit toxin-induced leakage of molecules from model membrane vesicles. One inhibitor, Cibacron blue, totally blocked pore formation. Aniline blue and Fast Green decreased the size of the molecule released by a given concentration of toxin. Amaranth appeared to reduce the maximal amount of leakage, without greatly affecting the size of the molecule released at a given toxin concentration. Finally, Ponceau S and Cibacron brilliant red appeared to exhibit a mixture of these various types of inhibition. The inhibitors neither prevented the conformational transition of the toxin to form a hydrophobic state at low pH, nor (with the exception of Cibacron Brilliant Red) appeared to strongly inhibit toxin binding to model membranes. Additional experiments showed release of trapped materials from model membranes by isolated T domain of the toxin was similar to that by whole toxin. The effects of inhibitors on T domain induced release was also similar to that they have on whole toxin. Therefore, it is likely that the inhibition of pore formation by whole toxin involves inhibitor interaction with the T domain. The inhibitors identified in this study may be helpful for development of agents that interfere with toxin action in vivo. Received: 10 March 1999/Revised: 22 June 1999  相似文献   
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