VE和L-肌肽对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化、非特异性免疫及血清生化指标的影响

实验以大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）幼鱼[（14.00±0.02）g]为研究对象，采用2×4双因素设计，设2个VE水平（0和75 mg/kg）和4个L-肌肽水平（0、50、100和200 mg/kg），研究VE和L-肌肽对其生长、抗氧化、非特异性免疫及血清生化指标的影响。实验共分8组，每组3个重复，每个重复46尾鱼，实验周期为8周。结果显示:（1）在饲料中添加75 mg/kg VE显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼增重率（WGR）和特定生长率（SGR）（P < 0.05），L-肌肽添加量≤100 mg/kg对实验鱼生长性能无显著影响（P>0.05），添加量为200 mg/kg时鱼体WGR、SGR和蛋白质效率（PER）显著降低，饲料系数（FCR）显著升高（P < 0.05）；（2）VE和L-肌肽对血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量及肝脏总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和MDA含量均具有显著的交互作用（P < 0.05），在VE 75 mg/kg水平下，L-肌肽添加量为50和100 mg/kg时血清GSH-PX活性最高，L-肌肽添加量为100和200 mg/kg时血清CAT活性最高且与添加量为50 mg/kg差异不显著（P>0.05），添加100 mg/kg肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性达到最高且50 mg/kg组的SOD与100 mg/kg组差异不显著（P>0.05），主效应结果显示，VE显著提高了血清T-AOC、SOD及肝脏CAT活性（P < 0.05），L-肌肽显著提高了血清T-AOC（P < 0.05）；（3）VE和L-肌肽对血清补体C3和LZM活性交互作用显著，在75 mg/kg VE水平下，L-肌肽添加量为50 mg/kg时，补体C3水平最高（P < 0.05），主效应显示，VE和L-肌肽对血清总蛋白（TP）影响均不显著（P>0.05）；（4）添加VE显著降低了血清总胆固醇（TCHO）和甘油三酯（TG）含量（P < 0.05），添加L-肌肽显著降低了血清TG含量，且在L-肌肽50 mg/kg时达到最低。综合考虑大菱鲆幼鱼[（14.00-39.43）g]的生长性能、抗氧化性能、非特异性免疫及血清生化指标得出，在实验配方条件下（鱼油70 g/kg，大豆卵磷脂10 g/kg），添加VE 75 mg/kg时，L-肌肽的适宜添加量为50 mg/kg。     

Rhodobacteraceae on the marine brown alga Fucus spiralis are abundant and show physiological adaptation to an epiphytic lifestyle

Macroalgae harbour specific microbial communities on their surface that have functions related to host health and defence. In this study, the bacterial biofilm of the marine brown alga Fucus spiralis was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based analysis and isolation of bacteria. Rhodobacteraceae (Alphaproteobacteria) were the predominant family constituting 23% of the epibacterial community. At the genus level, Sulfitobacter, Loktanella, Octadecabacter and a previously undescribed cluster were most abundant, and together they comprised 89% of the Rhodobacteraceae. Supported by a specific PCR approach, 23 different Rhodobacteraceae-affiliated strains were isolated from the surface of F. spiralis, which belonged to 12 established and three new genera. For seven strains, closely related sequences were detected in the 16S rRNA gene dataset. Growth experiments with substrates known to be produced by Fucus spp. showed that all of them were consumed by at least three strains, and vitamin B₁₂ was produced by 70% of the isolates. Since growth of F. spiralis depends on B₁₂ supplementation, bacteria may provide the alga with this vitamin. Most strains produced siderophores, which can enhance algal growth under iron-deficient conditions. Inhibiting properties against other bacteria were only observed when F. spiralis material was present in the medium. Thus, the physiological properties of the isolates indicated adaption to an epiphytic lifestyle.     

Adipokinetic hormone of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta: immunohistochemistry, amino acid analysis, quantification and bioassay

Abstract A cluster of five to seven AKH-like immunoreactive cells lie in each lobe of the paired corpora cardiaca of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. These cells form a mesh work of immunoreactive processes within the corpora cardiaca, and immunoreactive tracts projecting posteriorly over the aorta.
Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography of extracts of the corpora cardiaca of P.unipuncta revealed a single large U.V. absorbent peak with a retention time identical to synthetic Manduca- AKH. Amino acid analysis of the contents of this peak yielded a composition identical to that of synthetic Manduca-AKH which was analysed in a parallel manner. Furthermore the material within the peak possessed adipokinetic activity when bioassayed in day 2 adult male P. unipuncta. The corpora cardiaca of similar individuals were found to contain approximately 17.6ng (17.6pmol) of Manduca-AKH equivalents per pair.
Injection of Manduca-AKH into 2-day-old adult male P.unipuncta resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in haemolymph lipid levels with a maximum level of 80–90μmg/μl obtained with 5–10 ng of Manduca-AKH. Continuous flight also elevated haemolymph lipid levels in day 4 adult males with a significant elevation evident in the first samples taken after 15 min of flight and lipid levels plateauing at approximately 100 μg/μl by about 60 min of flight.     

Body temperatures of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles: their relationship in laboratory and field

Abstract The body temperatures of six apterous species of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles were measured continuously with indwelling thermocouples under laboratory conditions and in the field. The range of body temperatures selected was within the upper half of their 'tolerated range', which we defined as the temperatures lying between measured critical thermal maximum and critical thermal minimum. In the field, individuals also maintained their body temperatures within the upper half of the 'tolerated range'. These beetles maintained higher body temperatures than those recorded for any other ectothermic insect. Three of the six species maintained lower body temperatures in the field than they selected in the laboratory. The other three species showed no significant difference between field and laboratory body temperatures. We conclude that these beetles are not forced by biotic or abiotic factors to adopt thermal niches which present them with physiological difficulties.