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1.
Perennial crops can deliver a wide range of ecosystem services compared to annual crops. Some of these benefits are achieved by lengthening the growing season, which increases the period of crop water and nutrient uptake, pointing to a potential role for perennial systems to mitigate soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Employing a micrometeorological method, we tested this hypothesis in a 3‐year field experiment with a perennial grass‐legume mixture and an annual corn monoculture. Given that N2O emissions are strongly dependent on the method of fertilizer application, two manure application options commonly used by farmers for each crop were studied: injection vs. broadcast application for the perennial; fall vs. spring application for the annual. Across the 3 years, lower N2O emissions (P < 0.001) were measured for the perennial compared to the annual crop, even though annual N2O emissions increased tenfold for the perennial after ploughing. The percentage of N2O lost per unit of fertilizer applied was 3.7, 3.1 and 1.3 times higher for the annual for each consecutive year. Differences in soil organic matter due to the contrasting root systems of these crops are probably a major factor behind the N2O reduction. We found that a specific manure management practice can lead to increases or reductions in annual N2O emissions depending on environmental variables. The number of freeze‐thaw cycles during winter and the amount of rainfall after fertilization in spring were key factors. Therefore, general manure management recommendations should be avoided because interannual weather variability has the potential to determine if a specific practice is beneficial or detrimental. The lower N2O emissions of perennial crops deserve further research attention and must be considered in future land‐use decisions. Increasing the proportion of perennial crops in agricultural landscapes may provide an overlooked opportunity to regulate N2O emissions.  相似文献   
2.
The National Seed Strategy for Rehabilitation and Restoration was developed by a partnership of 12 federal agencies and over 300 non‐federal cooperators in the United States and launched in 2015. Implementation aims to ensure the availability of genetically appropriate native seed for ecological restoration across the country. Ecological restoration is required in response to a wide range of human impacts. The four main goals of the strategy are: identification of seed needs and availability of genetically appropriate seed; research to improve seed production and ecosystem restoration; development of decision support tools for ecological restoration; and communication and outreach. With the increasing occurrence and intensity of extreme weather events including drought and related wild fires, hurricanes and flooding, native seed is increasingly required in large quantities to build ecological resilience. Acceptance of this need will be crucial to implementation of the National Seed Strategy.  相似文献   
3.
目的:探讨血流剪切力对支架内新生粥样硬化斑块形成的影响。方法:在6只新西兰白兔右髂动脉植入金属裸支架,术后高脂喂养8周。将支架按长度均等分为近中远3段,应用多普勒超声测量各支架段血管的血流速度和血管内径,根据Poiseuille定律计算出术后即刻及术后8周时各支架段的平均血流剪切力。应用光学相干断层成像技术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检测术后8周支架内新生内膜的生长情况及特性。结果:成功建立支架内斑块动物模型。术后即刻近中远支架段的血流剪切力分别为4.25±0.92,2.49±1.07,1.67±0.49Pa(P0.05);术后8周近中远支架段血流剪切力分别为20.40±6.07,11.09±1.74,7.97±0.26Pa(P0.05),均较术后即刻明显升高(P0.001);术后8周近中远支架段的内膜异质性发生率分别为86.67%,53.33%,41.12%(P0.05);术后8周近中远支架段OCT检测的富含脂质斑块的发生率分别为53.3%,20%,0%(P0.05)。结论:支架内新生粥样硬化斑块的发生可能与较高的血流剪切力相关。  相似文献   
4.
Wildfire refugia (unburnt patches within large wildfires) are important for the persistence of fire‐sensitive species across forested landscapes globally. A key challenge is to identify the factors that determine the distribution of fire refugia across space and time. In particular, determining the relative influence of climatic and landscape factors is important in order to understand likely changes in the distribution of wildfire refugia under future climates. Here, we examine the relative effect of weather (i.e. fire weather, drought severity) and landscape features (i.e. topography, fuel age, vegetation type) on the occurrence of fire refugia across 26 large wildfires in south‐eastern Australia. Fire weather and drought severity were the primary drivers of the occurrence of fire refugia, moderating the effect of landscape attributes. Unburnt patches rarely occurred under ‘severe’ fire weather, irrespective of drought severity, topography, fuels or vegetation community. The influence of drought severity and landscape factors played out most strongly under ‘moderate’ fire weather. In mesic forests, fire refugia were linked to variables that affect fuel moisture, whereby the occurrence of unburnt patches decreased with increasing drought conditions and were associated with more mesic topographic locations (i.e. gullies, pole‐facing aspects) and vegetation communities (i.e. closed‐forest). In dry forest, the occurrence of refugia was responsive to fuel age, being associated with recently burnt areas (<5 years since fire). Overall, these results show that increased severity of fire weather and increased drought conditions, both predicted under future climate scenarios, are likely to lead to a reduction of wildfire refugia across forests of southern Australia. Protection of topographic areas able to provide long‐term fire refugia will be an important step towards maintaining the ecological integrity of forests under future climate change.  相似文献   
5.
毛学刚  魏晶昱 《生态学杂志》2017,28(11):3711-3719
林分类型的识别是森林资源监测的核心问题之一.为研究多源遥感数据协同的面向对象林分类型分类识别,采用Radarsat-2数据和QuickBird遥感影像协同进行面向对象分类.在面向对象分类过程中,采用3种分割方案:单独使用QuickBird遥感影像分割;单独使用Radarsat-2数据分割;Radarsat-2&QuickBird协同分割.3种分割方案均采用10种分割尺度(25~250,步长25),应用修正的欧式距离3指标评价不同分割方案的分割结果,确定最优分割方案及最优分割尺度.在最优分割结果的基础上,基于地形、高度、光谱及共同特征的不同特征组合,应用带有径向基(RBF)核函数的支持向量机(SVM)分类器进行杉木林、马尾松林、阔叶林3种林分类型识别.结果表明:与单独使用一种数据相比,Radarsat-2数据和QuickBird遥感影像协同方案在面向对象林分类型分类方面具有优势.Radarsat-2&QuickBird协同分割方案,以最优尺度参数100进行分割时,分割结果最好.在最优分割结果的基础上,应用两种数据源提取的全部特征进行面向对象林分类型识别的精度最高(总精度为86%,Kappa值为0.86).本研究结果不仅可为多源遥感数据结合进行林分类型识别提供参考和借鉴,而且对于森林资源调查和监测有现实意义.  相似文献   
6.
We report non‐invasive 3D imaging of capillary blood flow within human finger cuticle by the use of Doppler optical microangiography (DOMAG) and ultra‐high sensitive optical microangiography (UHS‐OMAG) techniques. Wide velocity range DOMAG method is applied to provide red blood cell (RBC) axial velocity mapping in capillary loops with ranges of ±0.9 mm/s and ±0.3 mm/s. Additionally, UHS‐OMAG technique is engineered to acquire high resolution image of capillary morphology. The presented results are promising to facilitate clinical trials of treatment and diagnosis of various diseases such as diabetes, Raynaud's phenomenon, and connective tissue diseases by quantifying cutaneous blood flow changes within human finger cuticle. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   
7.
Yield development of agricultural crops over time is not merely the result of genetic and agronomic factors, but also the outcome of a complex interaction between climatic and site‐specific soil conditions. However, the influence of past climatic changes on yield trends remains unclear, particularly under consideration of different soil conditions. In this study, we determine the effects of single agrometeorological factors on the evolution of German winter wheat yields between 1958 and 2015 from 298 published nitrogen (N)‐fertilization experiments. For this purpose, we separate climatic from genetic and agronomic yield effects using linear mixed effect models and estimate the climatic influence based on a coefficient of determination for these models. We found earlier occurrence of wheat growth stages, and shortened development phases except for the phase of stem elongation. Agrometeorological factors are defined as climate covariates related to the growth of winter wheat. Our results indicate a general and strong effect of agroclimatic changes on yield development, in particular due to increasing mean temperatures and heat stress events during the grain‐filling period. Except for heat stress days with more than 31°C, yields at sites with higher yield potential were less prone to adverse weather effects than at sites with lower yield potential. Our data furthermore reveal that a potential yield levelling, as found for many West‐European countries, predominantly occurred at sites with relatively low yield potential and about one decade earlier (mid‐1980s) compared to averaged yield data for the whole of Germany. Interestingly, effects related to high precipitation events were less relevant than temperature‐related effects and became relevant particularly during the vegetative growth phase. Overall, this study emphasizes the sensitivity of yield productivity to past climatic conditions, under consideration of regional differences, and underlines the necessity of finding adaptation strategies for food production under ongoing and expected climate change.  相似文献   
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以中国科学院海北高寒草甸试验站地区的美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)为材料, 通过短期滤除自然光谱中紫外线B (UV-B)辐射成分的途径, 研究了UV-B辐射对叶片光系统II (PSII)光化学效率的影响。不同天气的归纳分析表明, 随可见光辐射的降低, 暗适应3 min的PSII最大光化学量子效率(F(v)/F(m))显著升高; 与此同时PSII实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)也显著升高, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著降低。滤除UV-B辐射后, 3种典型天气类型下的F(v)/F(m)均略有升高趋势; 且ΦPSIIqP增加, 而NPQ略有降低趋势。量子效率的相对限制(L(PFD))和PSII反应中心开放程度(qL)的进一步分析表明, UV-B辐射能显著影响辅酶A还原状态, 对高山植物美丽风毛菊的光合机构具有负影响。综上可知, 自然光中的可见光辐射是影响PSII激发能捕获效率的重要因素, PSII反应中心的光化学效率和非光化学能量耗散主要受光和有效辐射的影响; 滤除UV-B成分能减缓PSII反应中心的光抑制程度。  相似文献   
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