首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   2605篇
  免费   240篇
  国内免费   173篇
  2023年   41篇
  2022年   39篇
  2021年   73篇
  2020年   91篇
  2019年   101篇
  2018年   107篇
  2017年   91篇
  2016年   96篇
  2015年   86篇
  2014年   106篇
  2013年   149篇
  2012年   92篇
  2011年   106篇
  2010年   83篇
  2009年   93篇
  2008年   127篇
  2007年   120篇
  2006年   126篇
  2005年   113篇
  2004年   100篇
  2003年   88篇
  2002年   91篇
  2001年   75篇
  2000年   71篇
  1999年   80篇
  1998年   51篇
  1997年   44篇
  1996年   46篇
  1995年   42篇
  1994年   45篇
  1993年   37篇
  1992年   32篇
  1991年   39篇
  1990年   23篇
  1989年   39篇
  1988年   31篇
  1987年   37篇
  1986年   21篇
  1985年   20篇
  1984年   27篇
  1983年   13篇
  1982年   21篇
  1981年   16篇
  1980年   18篇
  1979年   18篇
  1978年   10篇
  1977年   10篇
  1976年   8篇
  1973年   10篇
  1972年   7篇
排序方式: 共有3018条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Successful implementation of the Water Framework Directive and achieving its objective of good ecological status of all water bodies depend on the power of the set of monitoring indicators to capture the change in the ecological status of aquatic systems. In this context, testing the robustness and sensitivity of ecological indicators currently used for assessing the status of lotic water bodies is instrumental for the adaptation and further development of assessment methods. This is also a prerequisite for an effective, context-based monitoring system and for improving the quality of the decision making for water bodies. This is particularly challenging in regions where the sets of indicators are under development, the data series are relatively short and data which addresses the individual error sources are lacking. Here we show that hierarchical clusters and ordination analysis provide appropriate tools with which the validity of the ecological status of water bodies set up based on biological multimetric monitoring indices in a small water basin could be tested. We hypothesize that robust and informative monitoring methods classify all water bodies belonging to a single ordination grouping in the same quality class (high, good, moderate, poor or bad). In our case study multimetric biological indicators failed to discriminate between the good and moderate ecological status. Community structure as well as water conductivity and nitrate load were primarily responsible for the observed difference between ordination groupings. Inconsistencies shown in our case study are likely to be induced by insufficient refinement of monitoring schemes and by the constraints existing in the data series and available metadata. We show that multiplication of indicators leads to discrepant interpretation and problematic application. Proposed ordination analysis proves to be a simple and useful tool to detect such discrepancies and support further progress in indicator development. Integrated and longer data and metadata series are needed to refine context-based monitoring methods.  相似文献   
2.
3.
崇明东滩盐沼植被扩散格局及其形成机制   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
曹浩冰  葛振鸣  祝振昌  张利权 《生态学报》2014,34(14):3944-3952
长江河口盐沼植被的形成和演化是生物与其生长环境相互作用的结果。以崇明东滩盐沼植被典型扩散前沿为研究对象,2011至2012年期间调查了盐沼植被扩散前沿实生苗扩散、定居以及形成的扩散格局,同时测定了盐沼植被扩散前沿的潮滩冲淤动态和水文动力条件。研究结果表明,崇明东滩盐沼植被在扩散前沿形成了互花米草-光滩(Spartina alterniflora-Mudflat,SM)和互花米草-海三棱藨草-光滩(Spartina alterniflora-Scirpus mariqueter-Mudflat,SSM)两种典型的扩散格局。冲淤动态和水文动力条件是影响盐沼植被扩散格局的重要因子,尤其是在4—6月盐沼植物实生苗传播和定居的关键阶段。在此基础上,分析了东滩盐沼植被扩散前沿的生物-物理相互作用以及盐沼植被扩散格局的形成机制。研究结果不仅有助于理解长江河口地区盐沼植被扩散的生物物理过程,并对全球气候变化和海平面上升条件下滨海生态系统动态预测与湿地保护与管理具有重要的意义。  相似文献   
4.
Understanding changes in biodiversity requires the implementation of monitoring programs encompassing different dimensions of biodiversity through varying sampling techniques. In this work, fish assemblages associated with the “outer” and “inner” sides of four marinas, two at the Canary Islands and two at southern Portugal, were investigated using three complementary sampling techniques: underwater visual censuses (UVCs), baited cameras (BCs), and fish traps (FTs). We firstly investigated the complementarity of these sampling methods to describe species composition. Then, we investigated differences in taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD) between sides of the marinas according to each sampling method. Finally, we explored the applicability/reproducibility of each sampling technique to characterize fish assemblages according to these metrics of diversity. UVCs and BCs provided complementary information, in terms of the number and abundances of species, while FTs sampled a particular assemblage. Patterns of TD, PD, and FD between sides of the marinas varied depending on the sampling method. UVC was the most cost‐efficient technique, in terms of personnel hours, and it is recommended for local studies. However, for large‐scale studies, BCs are recommended, as it covers greater spatio‐temporal scales by a lower cost. Our study highlights the need to implement complementary sampling techniques to monitor ecological change, at various dimensions of biodiversity. The results presented here will be useful for optimizing future monitoring programs.  相似文献   
5.
稳定同位素技术在鲨鱼摄食和洄游行为研究中的应用   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
李云凯   《生态学杂志》2014,25(9):2756-2764
随着稳定同位素分析技术的不断成熟,其在生态学领域中的应用也增长迅速,并成为动物摄食生态学的重要研究工具.鲨鱼因其在生物系统进化过程中的独特地位和海洋生态系统中的重要作用已成为海洋食物网研究的重点,然而国内针对鲨鱼摄食习性和洄游行为等方面的研究仍处于起步阶段.本文在总结了国内外鲨鱼稳定同位素分析组织样品选取和样品预处理方法的基础上,系统归纳了稳定同位素技术在鲨鱼摄食生态学,尤其在其摄食和洄游行为研究领域中的应用,着重分析稳定同位素技术在鲨鱼稳定同位素判别值和更新速率、食性分析、营养级评估、洄游路径分析和生态位分布等核心问题上的应用现状和发展前景,以期为国内学者开展鲨鱼类基础生物、生态学研究提供有益参考.  相似文献   
6.
7.
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multi-molecular complexes that sense intracellular microbial danger signals and metabolic perturbations. Inflammasome activation leads to the activation of caspase-1 and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 accompanied by cell death. An inflammasome-based surveillance machinery for Gram-negative bacterial infections has been recently discovered. This noncanonical inflammasome relies on sensing the cytosolic presence of lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria via inflammatory caspases such as caspase-4, -5, and -11. This review discusses the recent findings related to the mechanism of activation of the noncanonical inflammasome and its biological functions.  相似文献   
8.
柏木低效林不同改造模式优势草本植物多样性及其生态位   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
草本层对森林生态系统具有重要的作用,其对于环境的变化比乔木层和灌木层更为敏感,在较短的时间内更容易反映改造带来的影响。为了分析林分改造后草本植物多样性的变化和揭示草本群落间的关系,以川中丘陵区改造4 a后的11种模式:不同密度(株行距1.5 m×4 m与1.5 m×2 m)的桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)、香椿(Toona sinensis)、银木(Cinnamomum septentrionale)纯林模式和株行距为1.5 m×2 m的银木+桤木模式、香椿+银木模式、香椿+桤木模式、桤木+香椿+银木模式以及采伐迹地作为研究对象,柏木(Cupressus funebris)纯林为对照,对柏木低效林不同改造模式的优势草本植物多样性、生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行研究。结果表明:(1)除高低密度香椿模式、低密度银木模式和桤木+香椿+银木模式外,其他模式的草本植物多样性均优于柏木纯林,其中以香椿+银木模式(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度和丰富度指数分别为(1.82、0.83、0.94和1.30),与香椿+桤木模式(1.83、0.83、0.93和1.33)的生物多样性显著高于柏木纯林(1.48、0.69、0.82和1.27),为最优的改造模式。(2)改造前铁线蕨(Adiantum capillus-veneris)生态位宽度最广为2.365,喜阴植物占有优势地位,改造后林下光照环境发生变化,喜阳植物五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)在低密度的纯林模式中迅速占据林下生长空间,生态位宽度较大,随改造模式郁闭度的增加,薹草(Carex tristachya)、地果(Ficus tikoua)、竹叶草(Oplismenus compositus)等喜阴植物逐渐占据优势地位,喜阳植物逐渐被淘汰。生态位宽度的大小与重要值呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.916),但也与资源位呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.977)。(3)生态位宽度较大的物种间既有较大的生态位重叠,也有较小的生态位重叠,不能仅凭生态位宽度来判定生态位重叠值,而生态位宽度较小的鼠麴草(Gnaphalium affine)(0.647)与蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)(2.152)之间拥有最大的生态位重叠(0.123),可能是因为它们有相似的资源利用方式或相近的生态学特性。总体来说所有模式中草本植物物种间生态位重叠值都较低(0.2),生态位分化明显,种间竞争并不激烈,这可能与改造时间较短有关系。  相似文献   
9.
The spatial configuration of vascular vegetation has been linked to variations in land degradation and ecosystem functioning in drylands. However, most studies on spatial patterns conducted to date have focused on a single or a few study sites within a particular region, specific vegetation types, or in landscapes characterized by a certain type of spatial patterns. Therefore, little is known on the general typology and distribution of plant spatial patterns in drylands worldwide, and on the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors as predictors of their variations across geographical regions and habitat types. We analyzed 115 dryland plant communities from all continents except Antarctica to: 1) investigate the general typology of spatial patterns, and 2) assess the relative importance of biotic (plant cover, frequency of facilitation, soil amelioration, height of the dominant species) and abiotic (aridity, rainfall seasonality and sand content) factors as predictors of spatial patterns (median patch size, shape of patch‐size distribution and regularity) across contrasting habitat types (shrublands and grasslands). Precipitation during the warmest period and sand content were particularly strong predictors of plant spatial patterns in grasslands and shrublands, respectively. Facilitation associated with power‐law like and irregular spatial patterns in both shrublands and grasslands, although it was mediated by different mechanisms (respectively soil ammelioration and percentage of facilitated species). The importance of biotic attributes as predictors of the shape of patch‐size distributions declined with aridity in both habitats, leading to the emergence of more regular patterns under the most arid conditions. Our results expand our knowledge about patch formation in drylands and the habitat‐dependency of their drivers. They also highlight different ways in which facilitation affects ecosystem structure through the formation of plant spatial patterns.  相似文献   
10.
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号