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植物专性寄生菌吸器功能研究现状北大核心CSCD   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
吸器是专性寄生真菌和卵菌的菌丝产生的一种短小分支变态结构,由吸器体、吸器外间质和吸器外质膜3部分组成。吸器不仅仅是吸收和转运寄主植物的营养物质的功能,它在病原菌生物合成、抑制寄主的防御反应等方面也具有不同程度的作用。对吸器的深入了解将有助于更好地认识、控制专性寄生菌。本文综述了吸器关于营养吸收与致病性方面的功能,讨论了有待解决的问题及今后的研究趋势。  相似文献   
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Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is used as a potential biocontrol agent for several buprestid and cerambycid larvae. This study aimed to enhance the efficiency of mass‐rearing of this parasitoid by investigating the fitness gain of this bethylid wasp, including the proportion of successful parasitism and development, brood size, sex ratio, proportion of winged female offspring, body size and longevity of female offspring, under eight different maternal parasitoid density treatments using Thyestilla gebleri Faldermann as host in the laboratory. The results indicated that the foundress densities did not affect the parasitism or emergence rate of this parasitoid. Brood size of the parasitoids increased significantly when the number of maternal wasps ranged from one to four. However, further increases in foundress number did not affect the parasitoid brood size. The sex ratios of S. pupariae were always female‐biased. The proportions of male in the progeny colonies were <10% throughout all experimental treatments. The percentage of winged female progeny was not significantly influenced by the density of adult maternal parasitoids. Body sizes of parasitoids significantly declined with increasing maternal parasitoid densities. Although the parasitoid body size reduced when maternal wasp number was higher, it could be compromised by the relatively higher number of female offspring produced. Further, more than 70% of the parasitoids remained alive when they were stored at 12°C for four months throughout the experiments. These findings suggest that exposure of four female wasps to a single host larva would result in the highest fitness of S. pupariae. Our findings might provide a new approach to enhance the efficiency of mass‐rearing of this bethylid wasp.  相似文献   
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The relationship between body size (hind tibia length), <12 h egg load, wing wear and parasitoid age was used to estimate realised lifetime parasitism of recently dead Gonatocerus ashmeadi collected in a citrus orchard. Under prevailing field conditions and methodology assumptions, it was estimated that female G. ashmeadi lived on average for 183 ± 17 degree-days, parasitised a total of 87 ± 9 Homalodisca vitripennis eggs, and died with 34 ± 5 eggs remaining in the ovaries. Only 17% of dead G. ashmeadi died with no mature eggs suggesting that 83% of G. ashmeadi were not egg limited at time of death. Estimates of realised lifetime parasitism for female G. ashmeadi under prevailing field conditions in July and August in a southern California citrus orchard indicated that time of year had a significant effect on reproductive output. Additionally, live G. ashmeadi captured daily during June through August 2006 had body size, egg load and wing wear recorded to detect possible monthly changes in parasitoid age and egg load. Foraging G. ashmeadi captured alive in June were older and oviposited more eggs in the field compared with August. Only 0.5% of live G. ashmeadi were captured with no mature eggs in their ovaries indicating that the vast majority of live G. ashmeadi were not egg limited.  相似文献   
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R. C. Hart 《Hydrobiologia》1994,272(1-3):163-183
The temperature-dependence of development was studied in two ecologically divergent freshwater calanoids, Metadiaptomus meridianus (Douwe) and Tropodiaptomus spectabilis (Kiefer). Egg durations were determined between 10 and 35 °C, and food satiated post-embryonic development times between 12 and 32 °C. All responses were basically inverse monotonic functions of temperature, adequately described by Blehrádek's equation. M. meridianus generally developed faster than T. spectabilis. Its egg development was faster at all temperatures, and while its naupliar durations were shorter only up to ± 15 °C, its overall post-embryonic development was more rapid up to ± 24 °C in females and ± 28 °C in males. Relatively speaking, however, T. spectabilis is clearly more warm-adapted than M. meridianus. The respective distributions (warm subtropical lowlands vs cooler uplands) of these copepods in the southern African subcontinent, as well as reversible switches between these species observed in two Natal impoundments are consistent with their contrasting thermal responses, although additional considerations apply in respect of the species alternations. T. spectabilis was replaced by M. meridianus in L. Midmar in spring 1981 and 1989, and in L. Albert Falls in spring 1990. Reciprocal replacements occurred in Midmar in autumn 1984, and in Albert Falls in late summer 1991. Both spring switches in Midmar coincided with cool spring temperatures, although the consequent shifts in growth rate advantage predicted from the measured temperature-duration responses only partly explain the switches in this warm-temperate reservoir. Parasitism of T. spectabilis by an ellobiopsid was observed during both switching events in Midmar, and perhaps augmented the change, although its effects on the host are indeterminate. Both species showed exactly parallel temporal changes in fecundity during the recent switches in both reservoirs, indicating closely similar trophic niches in the adults at least, and mitigating the possibility of trophic influences as determinants of the replacement. A dramatic but inexplicable increase (around 50% at 20 °C) in the development time of T. spectabilis was noted between 1988 and 1990, and perhaps contributed too.The protracted historical dominance of T. spectabilis in thermally suboptimal conditions in Midmar is ascribed to a general competitive superiority presumed from its K-selected attributes, in contrast to the r-selection evident in M. meridianus. This alternation between species with contrasting life styles is of fundamental ecological interest. Studies on Albert Falls, commenced in 1989, suggest an even greater competitive superiority of T. spectabilis, in keeping with the warmer conditions in this larger sister reservoir below Midmar.  相似文献   
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We studied the nest defense behavior of Eurasian kestrels (Falcotinnunculus) towards a stuffed pine marten (Martes martes) througha 3-year vole cycle (1990–92) in western Finland. Survivalprobability of offspring decreases with a later start of breeding,and, therefore, early breeders should protect their offspringmore than late ones. We found this true for males during theincubation period, but not for females. In addition, we expectedthe nest defense intensity to increase with offspring number.During the incubation period, this was true for females, butnot for males. During the nestling phase, parents did not adjusttheir defense effort to natural or manipulated (by one to twoyoung) brood size. Survival prospects of kestrel offspring werehighest in the increasing vole year 1991 and lowest in the decreasingvole year 1992, and, therefore, we expected the defense activityof kestrels to follow the same trend. However, the oppositeresult appeared true for females with a similar tendency formales. Most hypotheses predicting avian nest defense behaviorwere not supported by our data. Temporally heterogeneous environmentand low degree of nest-site tenacity of migratory kestrels maymake them unfamiliar with environmental variation and survivalprospects of their offspring. Therefore, fitness benefits ofparental care are not predictable, and kestrels may thus adjusttheir parental effort to their own future reproductive potential(i.e., number of future breeding attempts), rather than to somecurrent investment indicator, like offspring age and number.  相似文献   
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Epidemiological dynamics depend on the traits of hosts and parasites, but hosts and parasites are heterogeneous entities that exist in dynamic environments. Resource availability is a particularly dynamic and potent environmental driver of within‐host infection dynamics (temporal patterns of growth, reproduction, parasite production and survival). We developed, parameterised and validated a model for resource‐explicit infection dynamics by incorporating a parasitism module into dynamic energy budget theory. The model mechanistically explained the dynamic multivariate responses of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host snail to variation in resources and host density. At the population level, feedbacks mediated by resource competition could create a unimodal relationship between snail density and human risk of exposure to schistosomes. Consequently, weak snail control could backfire if reductions in snail density release remaining hosts from resource competition. If resource competition is strong and relevant to schistosome production in nature, it could inform control strategies.  相似文献   
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