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1.

Background and Aims

Resin ducts (RDs) are features present in most conifer species as defence structures against pests and pathogens; however, little is known about RD expression in trees following fire injury. This study investigates changes in RD size and density in fire scars of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western larch (Larix occidentalis) as a means to evaluate the ecophysiological significance of traumatic resinosis for tree defence and survival.

Methods

Transverse and tangential microsections were prepared for light microscopy and image analysis in order to analyse axial and radial RDs, respectively. Epithelial cells of RDs and fusiform rays associated with radial RDs were also examined. RDs were compared between normal xylem and wound xylem at four different section heights along the fire-injured stem.

Key Results

Following fire injury, P. menziesii axial RDs narrowed by 38–43 % in the first year after injury, and the magnitude of this change increased with stem height. Larix occidentalis axial RDs widened by 46–50 % in the second year after injury. Radial RDs were of equivalent size in P. menziesii, but widened by 162–214 % in L. occidentalis. Fusiform rays were larger following fire injury, by 4–14 % in P. menziesii and by 23–38 % in L. occidentalis. Furthermore, axial RD density increased in both species due to the formation of tangential rows of traumatic RDs, especially in the first and second years after injury. However, radial RD density did not change significantly.

Conclusions

These results highlight traumatic resinosis as a species-specific response. Pseudotsuga menziesii produce RDs of equivalent or reduced size, whereas L. occidentalis produce wider RDs in both the axial and radial duct system, thereby increasing resin biosynthesis and accumulation within the whole tree. Larix occidentalis thus appears to allocate more energy to defence than P. menziesii.  相似文献   
2.
无花果蛋白酶通过8%戊二醛活化载体,共价结合到聚苯乙烯阴离子交换树脂GM201上,固定化作用在pH7.7,酶浓度0.8mg/g树脂,4℃下进行6h。得到的固定化酶表观K_m值(酪蛋白,1.11×10~(-4)mol/L)小于溶液酶K_m值(1.96×10~(-4)mol/L);固定化酶活性在pH6~8保持稳定,溶液酶最适pH为7.2;固定化酶最适温度由溶液酶的50~60℃移至37℃;固定化酶25℃保持7d,重复水解酪蛋白7次后,保留83.3%活性。固定化酶对酪蛋白水解度达47.5%,对大豆球蛋白达11.6%。  相似文献   
3.
Ichnological analysis of Eocene deep-pelagic whitish chalky calcilutites interstratified with high-energy calcarenite beds in the lower part of the Petra Tou Romiou section (southern Cyprus) was conducted to interpret the development and evolution of the trace maker associations during calcilutite deposition after high-energy episodes. The trace fossil assemblage from the chalky calcilutites consists of Chondrites isp. (Chondrites intricatus and Chondrites targionii), Planolites isp., Taenidium isp., Thalassinoides isp., and Zoophycos isp., typical of the Zoophycos ichnofacies. A composite chalky ichnofabric reveals a multi-tiered association of burrowing animals: the uppermost tier determines a mottled background, the upper tier shows the highest trace fossil abundance and diversity (Planolites, Taenidium and Thalassinoides), the middle tier features Zoophycos and large Chondrites, and the deepest tier consists mainly/exclusively of small Chondrites. This ichnofabric has an autocomposite character, associated with bioturbation by a single ichnocoenosis and gradual upward migration of the tiered macrobenthic community as the pelagic calcilutite sedimentation slowly progresses. There are no changes in the trace fossil assemblage between or within calcilutite intervals, regardless of the associated calcarenite beds. This supports a stable, mature, background calcilutite trace maker association, which recovers shortly after the deposition of high-energy calcarenites. In turn, there would have been a rapid re-establishment of paleoenvironmental conditions during pelagic calcilutite accumulation after episodic deposition of any calcarenitic material.  相似文献   
4.
It has been demonstrated that polymeric resins can be used as receiving phase in passive samplers designed for the detection of lipophilic marine toxins at sea and was referred to as solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). The present study describes the uptake and desorption behaviour of the lipophilic marine toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) from Prorocentrum lima cultures by five styrene—divinylbenzene based polymeric resins Sepabeads® SP850, Sepabeads® SP825L, Amberlite® XAD4, Dowex® Optipore® L-493 and Diaion® HP-20. All resins accumulated OA and DTX1 from the P. lima culture with differences in adsorption rate and equilibrium rate. Following statistical evaluation, HP-20, SP850 and SP825L demonstrated similar adsorption rates. However, possibly due to its larger pore size, the HP-20 did not seem to reach equilibrium within 72 h exposure as opposed to the SP850 and SP825L. This was confirmed when the resins were immersed at sea for 1 week on the West Coast of Ireland. Furthermore, this work also presents a simple and efficient extraction method suitable to SPATT samplers exposed to artificial or natural culture media.  相似文献   
5.
The differently sulfonated styrene–divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by oil-in-water polymerization and varied degrees of sulfonation. Several characteristics of the obtained resins were evaluated, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectra, the ion-exchange capacity, microscopic morphology, size, and swelling. The resin characteristics were altered in relation to the degree of sulfonation, proving that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of chlorpheniramine (CPM) loading and in vitro release in the USP simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) of the obtained resins were also evaluated. The CPM loaded in the resinates (drug-loaded resins) increased with the increasing degree of sulfonic group and hence the drug binding site in the employed resins. The CPM release was lower from the resins with the higher degree of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The CPM release was obviously lower in SGF than SIF because CPM, a weak base drug, ionized to a greater extent in SGF and then preferred binding with rather than releasing from the resins. In conclusion, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.  相似文献   
6.
为研究余甘子多酚的分离提取方法,本文以余甘原汁为原料,采用NKA-Ⅱ大孔吸附树脂,对上样量、洗脱剂、洗脱体积及洗脱速度等条件进行了考察,并对提取物的抗氧化活性进行了对比分析。通过试验确定了余甘原汁多酚的大孔树脂分离提取条件为:上样速度2BV/h,上样量0.8BV,洗脱剂为70%乙醇溶液,洗脱体积3BV,洗脱速度8BV/h,在此条件下NKA-Ⅱ大孔树脂对余甘原汁中多酚的吸附率可达到88.42%,洗脱率为90.93%,提取率为80.39%;对提取物的抗氧化活性分析显示,与分离前的余甘原汁干燥物相比,提取物的多酚和维生素C含量均提高了0.53倍,类超氧化物歧化酶活性(SODL)提高了1.4倍;铁离子还原能力(FRAP)明显高于分离前,对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基及脂质氧化的半抑制浓度(IC50)均显著低于分离前的原汁干燥物,表明通过大孔吸附树脂分离,使余甘原汁中的多酚等抗氧化活性成分得到了有效的分离纯化。  相似文献   
7.
Kinetics of tributyrin hydrolysis by lipase   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The kinetics for the tributyrin hydrolysis using lipase (Pseudomonas fluorscenes CCRC-17015) were investigated in the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid–liquid reaction systems in a batch reactor. The lipase was covalently immobilized onto the surface of porous polymethylacrylamide (PMAA) crosslinking with N,N-methylene biacrylamide with a spacer of ethylenediamine actived by glutaraldehyde. The conditions such as tributyrin concentration, temperature, agitation, and pH value, were evaluated to achieve the optimum reaction conditions for both free lipase and immobilized lipase. The kinetic parameters in the reaction system were also obtained for two reaction systems. The turnover numbers calculated for free lipase and immobilized lipase were 29 and 5.7 s−1, respectively. The parameters of k and km obtained using Lineweaver-Burk plot method were 26.2 mol/(mg min) and 1.35 mol/dm3 for free lipase, 5.2 mol/(mg min) and 0.2 mol/dm3 for immobilized lipase, respectively. The experimental results revealed good thermal stability, with greater stability at higher pH value for immobilized lipase in the liquid–solid–liquid reaction.  相似文献   
8.
大孔吸附树脂对紫锥菊提取物中菊苣酸分离纯化的研究   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
采用大孔吸附树脂分离纯化紫锥菊提取物中免疫活性成分菊苣酸,7%(v/v)的甲醇-水溶液洗脱,HPLC法对产品中菊苣酸含量进行检测分析。该法能把紫锥菊提取物中菊苣酸含量(4%)提高9倍左右,回收率达到95%以上,且操作简单,可用于菊苣酸的分离纯化。  相似文献   
9.
大孔吸附树脂纯化乌饭树树叶黑色素的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用11种大孔吸附树脂对乌饭树树叶黑色素进行纯化分析,AB-8、NKA-9和S-8型大孔吸附树脂的静态吸附量和解吸率较高。由吸附与时间的关系曲线选择AB-8型大孔吸附树脂进行动态分析,得出最佳的纯化条件为:pH为5.05左右,溶液浓度为0.68~1.33 mg/mL,吸附流速为3 mL/min。使用7倍体积的95%乙醇解吸率可以超过95%。树脂使用三次后必须进行再生处理。  相似文献   
10.
doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00333.x
Effect of microwave treatment on the shear bond strength of different types of commercial teeth to acrylic resin Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of microwave treatment on the shear bond strength of commercial types of teeth to acrylic resin, when the glossy ridge laps were unmodified (groups 1 and 5), bur abraded (groups 2 and 6), bur grooved (groups 3 and 7) or etched by monomer (groups 4 and 8). Background: Controversial findings have shown that mechanical or chemical changes in ridge‐lap surface of the tooth increase or decrease the bond strength between tooth and acrylic resin, and the microwave disinfection may cause different changes on this bond strength. Materials and methods: Eighty specimens (n = 10) were made with the acrylic resin bonded to tooth glossy ridge lap, polymerised in water at 74°C for 9 h, and deflasked after flask cooling. Specimens of the groups 5, 6, 7 and 8 were individually immersed in 150 ml of water and submitted to microwave treatment in an oven at 650 W for 3 min. Control specimens (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) were not microwave treated. Shear bond strength test was performed in an Instron machine with a cross‐speed of 1 mm/min. Collected data were submitted to anova and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: Microwave treatment decreased the shear bond strength values of the tooth/resin bond. In the microwaved and non‐microwaved procedures, mechanical retention improved the shear bond strength when compared with the control and monomer treatments. Conclusion: Shear bond strength of the tooth/resin bond was influenced by the microwave treatment and different commercial teeth association, and was lower for the Biotone tooth.  相似文献   
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