Effect of intraguild predation on the survival and development of three species of aphidophagous ladybirds: consequences for invasive species

Abstract 1 Survival and development of hatchling larvae of three aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant and Adalia bipunctata Linnaeus, when fed their own and the other species eggs were recorded. 2 In all three species, the larvae survived when fed conspecific eggs. 3 The percentage of larvae of H. axyridis that survived decreased to 35% and 85% when fed eggs of A. bipunctata and C. s. brucki, respectively. All the larvae of A. bipunctata and C. s. brucki died after eating eggs of H. axyridis. None of the larvae of C. s. brucki died after eating eggs of A. bipunctata, whereas 46% of those of A. bipunctata died after eating eggs of C. s. brucki. 4 In general, larvae were reluctant to eat the eggs of other species. However, larvae of C. s. brucki showed less reluctance than H. axyridis to eat the eggs of A. bipunctata. 5 The consequence of this for invasive species of ladybird is discussed.     

滞育七星瓢虫的代谢适应与抗寒性评价

滞育是部分昆虫固有的适应逆境胁迫的遗传属性,七星瓢虫具有显著的滞育现象。本文以七星瓢虫雌成虫为试材,研究正常发育、滞育及滞育解除后3组处理试虫糖、脂、蛋白等关键代谢物质含量波动规律,总结滞育期间的代谢适应特点,解析其与过冷却能力的相关性,探索滞育对七星瓢虫逆境胁迫耐受力的促升效应,丰富七星瓢虫的滞育基础理论研究。利用物质干湿重差数法测定七星瓢虫的含水量;利用氯仿-甲醇(体积比为2∶1)法抽提除去自由水个体的脂肪;总糖、海藻糖、甘油、山梨醇及总蛋白的测定采用标准曲线法,利用SUN-II型智能昆虫过冷却点测定仪测定七星瓢虫的过冷却点(supercooling point,SCP)。结果表明,七星瓢虫滞育组含水量(58.11%±6.55%)显著低于正常发育组(68.49%±2.26%)和滞育解除组(65.84%±4.02%)(F=8.15,P0.01),滞育解除后含水量恢复至正常发育组水平;滞育组总糖(10.60±0.54μg/mg)、糖原(8.72±0.62μg/mg)、脂肪(173.66±19.01μg/mg)含量远远高于正常发育组和滞育解除组(F=46.57,P=0.0006;F=114.25,P0.0001;F=8.48,P0.01);滞育组总蛋白含量(49.20±3.80μg/mg)显著低于正常发育组(71.02±6.15μg/mg)和滞育解除组(69.45±4.66μg/mg)(F=46.57,P=0.0006);滞育组中海藻糖(1.31±0.27μg/mg)、甘油(1.74±0.50μg/mg)、山梨醇(9.84±3.02μg/mg)含量与正常发育组、滞育解除组无显著性差异(F=0.79,P=0.4946;F=1.33,P=0.3004;F=1.69,P=0.2387)。七星瓢虫在滞育条件下其过冷却点(-16.53℃±1.44℃)显著低于正常发育组(-14.07℃±1.33℃)和滞育解除组(-15.29℃±2.10℃)(F=13.47,P0.0001),经过滞育低温驯化后滞育解除组过冷却点较对照组有所降低。滞育诱发七星瓢虫发生显著的代谢适应,蛋白含量显著降低,抑制新陈代谢进程;糖脂含量显著升高,保障滞育维持及解除后发育的能量需求;七星瓢虫滞育属糖原积累型;滞育个体过冷却点大幅下降,耐寒性显著提升。     

植物提取物和常用药剂对蚜虫重要天敌瓢虫孵化、存活和捕食效能的影响

为解决目前化学合成杀虫剂长期大量使用所带来的“3R”问题 ,有必要从对人畜无毒或低毒、对害虫天敌安全的植物和其它天然产物中筛选与环境相容性好的物质作为害虫控制的手段。已经从 63种植物中筛选出两种对蔬菜蚜虫有较好控制作用的植物苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum Petr.et Widd.和白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllum Schott。报道该两种植物乙醇提取物以及几种常用天然源药剂 (鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂和 0 .3%印楝素乳油 )对深圳菜区蚜虫重要天敌瓢虫 (六斑月瓢虫 Menochilussexmaculata( Fabricius)和狭臀瓢虫 Coccinella trasversalis Fabricius)的影响。结果表明 ,两种植物提取物 ( 0 .0 4 g DW/ml)对所测试瓢虫的孵化、存活和捕食效能与对照之间在 0 .0 1或 0 .0 5水平均无显著差异 ,表明两种植物提取物对瓢虫安全、无明显毒性。而鱼藤酮精 ( 80 0× )、机油乳剂 ( 4 0 0× )和 0 .3%印楝素乳油 ( 2 0 0 0× )在所测试的浓度对瓢虫卵的毒性较强 ,瓢虫卵的孵化率明显降低 ,仅有对照瓢虫卵孵化率的 7.74%～ 1 4.31 % ,因此应避免在田间瓢虫大量产卵的季节使用。苍耳和白蝴蝶提取物对蚜虫的重要天敌瓢虫没有负面影响 ,可以考虑作为保护十字花科蔬菜免遭蚜虫危害的植物保护剂配方。     

麦长管蚜唾液中几种酶的鉴定、活力测定与功能分析

用Parafilm膜夹营养液法,以两种食料介质饲喂麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae 3龄若蚜并收集其唾液,对唾液中的酶类进行了鉴定、活力测定和功能分析。结果表明,在20%蔗糖介质提取液中,鉴定有果胶酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶; 在水介质提取液中鉴定有纤维素酶; 两种介质提取液中都未鉴定出过氧化物酶。酶活力测定结果表明, 在20%蔗糖介质提取液中, 每30头蚜虫分泌的果胶酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶的酶活力分别为2.59×10^-3 U/g、7×10^-3 U/g和7.89×10^-3 U/g; 在水介质提取液中,纤维素酶活力为3.68×10^-3 U/g。行为反应试验结果表明,果胶酶处理麦苗的挥发物组分能引起麦长管蚜寄生性天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae和捕食性天敌七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata 的嗅觉偏好反应,因此,果胶酶在麦长管蚜取食诱导小麦植株的间接防御反应中具有重要作用。     

Attack, escape and predation rates of larvae of two aphidophagous ladybirds during conspecific and heterospecific interactions

The attack, escape and predation rates for larvae of aphidophagous ladybird Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) and Coccinella transversalis Fabricius were quantified as a potential mechanism leading to the differences in the incidence of cannibalism and intraguild predation. These rates were compared at four larval instars within and between the species. The attack rates of larvae of C. transversalis were significantly higher than those of P. dissecta towards conspecific and heterospecific victims. For both species, third instars exhibited maximum tendency to attack. Escape rates in C. transversalis were higher than P. dissecta. In P. dissecta, the second instars made a greater number of escapes than other conspecific instars after being attacked by same stage cannibal or heterospecific predator. In P. dissecta, first instars suffered maximum mortality due to cannibalism and intraguild predation by conspecifics and heterospecifics of the same and older developmental stage. No larvae of C. transversalis were eaten by P. dissecta of the same stage. These results suggest that the larvae of P. dissecta were more often potential cannibals than intraguild predators, while the reverse was the case in C. transversalis. Based on this finding, it could be predicted that in patchy prey habitats, high rates of larval cannibalism in P. dissecta would occur with a high risk of cannibalism of first instars. Larvae of C. transversalis would respond as intraguild predators, while those of P. dissecta as intraguild prey. The greater size and walking activity of C. transversalis could be possible reason for this tendency.     

避难所对七星瓢虫捕食桃蚜功能反应的影响

自然情况下的捕食是以植物为中介发生的。作者采用植物模型作为捕食环境,测试了单纯的物理因素(避难所)对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata L.捕食桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的功能反应的影响。结果表明,避难所的存在能造成七星瓢虫捕食量和捕食率极显著下降,对雄虫的影响显著比雌虫强,且在中等猎物密度时影响更为突出。Logistic回归分析发现,七星瓢虫雌虫和雄虫无论避难所是否存在,功能反应类型均为HollingⅡ型。避难所不存在的情况下,雌、雄成虫的圆盘方程分别为N a=1.0259 N0/(1+0.003078 N0)和N a=0.9246 N0/(1+0.002127 N0),避难所存在的情况下,其圆盘方程分别为N a=0.9500 N0/(1+0.00342 N0)和N a=0.6463N0/(1+0.002262 N0)。避难所的存在能导致两性成虫瞬时攻击率极显著下降,但仅雄虫处置时间极显著延长,说明雄虫在环境异质性较高时捕获猎物更困难。     

Effects of Aphid Prey on Larval Development and Mortality of Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Developmental time and mortality rate of Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were determined when feeding on five aphid species. Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Sitobion avenae (F.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffr.) and Myzus cerasi F. (Homoptera: Aphididae) are widespread in Tekirda?, Turkey. Tests were carried out in a controlled environmental chamber (25±1°C temperature, 65±5% relative humidity and 16 h light:8 h dark period). Developmental times for A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata larvae varied significantly depending on species of aphid prey (P<0.05). Development time (±S.E.) varied from 17.50±0.84 to 20.83±1.60 days for C. septempunctata and 16.7±0.76 to 20.7±1.03 days for A. bipunctata. Mortality of A. bipunctata (50%) and C. septempunctata (63%) were highest on H. pruni.     

6种复配杀虫剂对七星瓢虫的毒力测定及风险评估

采用药膜法分别测定了10％甲维盐·茚虫威悬浮剂、12％甲维盐·虫螨腈悬浮剂、12％虫螨腈·虱螨脲悬浮剂、14％呋虫胺·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、22％吡虫啉·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和6％吡虫啉·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂6种复配杀虫剂对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus幼虫急性毒性,并进行了初级风险评估.结果 显示,6种药剂对七星瓢虫48 h的LR5o(半致死用量,Median lethal rate)分别为0.812、2.255、4.082、22.735、6.755和0.00467 g a.i/hm2.在农田内暴露场景下,6种复配杀虫剂对七星瓢虫风险均不可接受;在农田外暴露场景下,仅有14％呋虫胺·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和22％吡虫啉·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂对七星瓢虫风险可接受,其它均不可接受.结果 表明在田间最大推荐用量下,6种药剂对七星瓢虫的初级风险评价均存在高风险.     

七星瓢虫基础研究现状

七星瓢虫对蚜虫等农林业中的重要害虫有较强的控制作用,利用七星瓢虫进行控害的生物防治技术正在逐步推广。本文就七星瓢虫的生物学特性、捕食、对农药的反应以及人工饲养等方面进行综述:七星瓢虫幼虫随龄期增长逐渐出现黄斑,温湿度对生长发育影响较大,以成虫越冬,有滞育现象。七星瓢虫捕食性强,捕食对象较多,包括多种蚜虫、木虱、蚧虫、粉虱、蓟马、网蝽等,其捕食功能反应模型主要为HollingⅡ型,捕食效应受温度、光周期及其猎物密度与自身密度影响。七星瓢虫对农药有一定的选择性,农药对七星瓢虫捕食行为及其生长发育有一定的影响,并会导致其抗药性的产生。目前,七星瓢虫的饲养以昆虫材料为主,辅以人工饲料,采用低温储存,以卵卡作为商品出售。七星瓢虫的基础研究可为今后大规模运用于田间提供参考。     

Effects of plot vegetation diversity and spatial scale on Coccinella septempunctata movement in the absence of prey

The influence that vegetation diversity and the spatial scale of that diversity exert on insect behavior has increasingly been explored in the ecological literature, but relatively few experiments have explicitly incorporated both factors in experimental treatments. We conducted a field study designed to explore the effect of both of these factors on insect movement behavior in a broccoli agroecosystem. We caught and released seven‐spotted ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata L.) in plots containing different degrees of vegetation diversity at two different spatial scales in which prey had been removed. Beetle movement was recorded at timed intervals, and move lengths and turning angles were used to generate discrete path maps for each beetle. Observed mean beetle net squared displacements were compared with predicted net squared displacements, and 95% confidence intervals were generated using a bootstrap method described by Turchin (1998 ) [Quantitative Analysis of Movement: Measuring and Modeling Population Redistribution in Animals and Plants. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA.]. Predicted net squared displacements underestimated beetle movement in smaller plots with both low and higher vegetation diversity for the first five move lengths, whereas no significant difference between observed and predicted net squared displacement for beetles in larger plots of either level of vegetation diversity were detected. These findings highlight the need for a better understanding of how natural enemies are influenced by vegetation diversity and the spatial scale of that vegetation in agroecosystems. The implications of these results for biological control are discussed.