Influence of diphenyl diselenide on chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster

Exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) poses several harmful effects to human and animal health. The present study investigated the influence of diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) on CPF-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Firstly, the time course lethality response of virgin flies (2- to 3-day-old) to CPF (0.075–0.6 μg/g) and DPDP (5–40 μmol/kg) in the diet for 28 consecutive days were investigated. Subsequently, the protective effect of DPDS (10, 20 and 40 μmol/kg) on CPF (0.15 μg/g)-induced mortality, locomotor deficits, neurotoxicity and oxidative stress was assessed in a co-exposure paradigm for 7 days. Results showed that CPF exposure significantly decreased the percent live flies in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas the percent live flies with DPDS treatment was not statistically different from control following 28 days of treatment. In the co-exposure study, CPF significantly increased flies mortality while the survivors exhibited significant locomotor deficits with decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Dietary supplementation with DPDS was associated with marked decrease in mortality, improvement in locomotor activity and restoration of AChE activity in CPF-exposed flies. Moreover, CPF exposure significantly decreased catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities, total thiol level with concomitant significant elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the head and body regions of the treated flies. Dietary supplementation with DPDS significantly improved the antioxidant status and prevented CPF-induced oxidative stress, thus demonstrating the protective effect of DPDS in CPF-treated flies.     

Field trials against Hoplia philanthus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a combination of an entomopathogenic nematode and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae CLO 53

The white grub, Hoplia philanthus Füessly (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a major pest of turf and ornamental plants in Belgium. Previously, the combination of lethal concentration of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis megidis or Steinernema glaseri with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (strain CLO 53) caused additive or synergistic mortality to third-instar H. philanthus in the laboratory and greenhouse. In this present study, we examined this interaction under field conditions and compared a combination of a commercial formulation of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nema-green^®) and M. anisopliae. Controls were M. anisopliae, chlorpyrifos (Dursban 5 Granules) and H. bacteriophora. Field applications (surface or subsurface) were made against a mixed population of second/third-instar H. philanthus at a sport field and lawn infested in the province of West-Flanders. In both trials, the combination of M. anisopliae with H. bacteriophora at 5 × 10¹² conidia/ha +2.5 × 10⁹ infective juveniles/ha resulted in additive or synergistic effects, causing more than 95% grub mortality when the nematodes was applied 4 weeks after the application of fungus. However, application of nematode, chlorpyrifos or fungus alone provided 39–66%, 42–60% (surface) and 33–76%, 82–100% or 37–65%, (subsurface) control of H. philanthus. We concluded that the pathogen combinations we tested are compatible elements of integrated pest management and are likely to improve control of H. philanthus larvae and perhaps other insect pests beyond what is expected from single application of the pathogen.     

微生物降解3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇的研究进展

随着高毒性有机磷杀虫剂的限制和禁止使用,近年来以毒死蜱为代表的低毒性有机磷杀虫剂的市场份额有所增加。然而,毒死蜱的使用也导致了环境中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)的产生,因为TCP是毒死蜱和甲基毒死蜱在环境中降解的主要中间代谢产物。它具有较高的水溶性和迁移性,容易进入深层土壤及水体环境,从而引起广泛的污染。释放到环境中的TCP不仅可以抑制TCP及其母体化合物毒死蜱和甲基毒死蜱的生物降解,而且也能抑制其他有机污染物的生物降解,从而进一步加重环境中TCP以及其他有机污染物的累积残留,影响环境系统的自我修复功能。本文概述了TCP及其母体化合物的结构、TCP的生态毒性、TCP降解菌的多样性及其微生物降解的最新研究进展,为毒死蜱和TCP污染地区进行经济可行的生物修复提供参考。     

毒死蜱对家白蚁毒杀作用的时间与剂量效应

用含不同毒死蜱浓度的毒土对家白蚁（Ｃｏｐｔｏｔｅｒｎｅｓ ｆｏｕｍｏｓａｍｕｓ Ｓｈｉｒａｋｉ）进行了生物测定,浓度范围为０．０１５－０．４８ｍｇ／ｋｇ。观察２周。实验观察发现土壤中毒死蜱浓度为０．４８－０．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,白蚁接触毒土出现的死亡高峰为４小时至２天;在０．０３ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,死亡高峰在１周以后;而浓度为０．０１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,２周内仍观察不到白蚁死亡。所获的生物测定数据很好地拟合时     

一株毒死蜱降解细菌的分离鉴定及其在土壤修复中的应用

从蔬菜大棚土壤中分离到一株能以毒死蜱为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株DSP3,该菌在含毒死蜱（100mg/L）的酵母膏和蛋白胨与同样毒死蜱含量而无酵母膏蛋白胨的无机盐培养基中,18d对毒死蜱的降解率分别为986%和762%;在土壤实验中20d对毒死蜱（100mg/kg）的降解率接近100%,加入DSP3菌在蔬菜大棚新鲜土壤中能有效促进毒死蜱在土壤中的降解。根据生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列分析、（G+C）mol%测定和DNA同源性分析,将菌株DSP3鉴定为粪产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）。     

Apoptotic effects and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase responses in liver and gill tissues of rainbow trout treated with chlorpyrifos

We investigated apoptotic effects and changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme activity in liver and gill tissues of fish exposed to chlorpyrifos. Three different chlorpyrifos doses (2.25, 4.5 and 6.75 μg/L) were administrated to rainbow trout at different time intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos showed time dependent decrease in G6PD enzyme activity at all concentrations (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results showed that chlorpyrifos caused mucous cell loss in gill tissue and apoptosis via caspase-3 activation in fish. The present study suggested that chlorpyrifos inhibits G6PD enzyme and causes mucous cell loss in gill and apoptosis in gill and liver tissues.     

Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and bioremediation of contaminated soil

Five aerobic consortia capable of degrading chlorpyrifos as a sole carbon source in aqueous medium showed degradation in the range of 46–72% after 20 days. Pseudomonas fluorescence, Brucella melitensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella species, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, isolated from these consortium, showed 75–87% degradation of chlorpyrifos as compared to 18% in control after 20 days of incubation. Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with P. fluorescence, B. melitensis, B. subtilis and P. aeroginosa individually showed 89%, 87%, 85% and 92% degradation, respectively, as compared to 34% in control after 30 days. Population dynamics of the introduced isolates based on antibiotic resistance survival and REP-PCR indicated 60–70% survival based on antibiotic resistance, but only 35–45% of the inoculated population based on REP-PCR. During bioremediation studies, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was detected as metabolite of chlorpyrifos degradation by P. aeroginosa after 20 days, which was utilized and disappeared after 30 days. Whole-cell studies also showed that P. aeroginosa gave TCP as the product of chlorpyrifos degradation, which was further metabolized to unknown polar metabolites.

Scientific relevance

Potential application in sites for effective in situ bioremediation of chlorpyrifos, a neurotoxic insecticide widely used in India.     

Metabolism of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon by human hepatocytes

The metabolism of chlorpyrifos (CPS) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) by human hepatocytes and human liver S9 fractions was investigated using LC-MS/MS. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent and phase II-related products were determined following incubation with CPS and CPO. CYP-related products, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), diethyl thiophosphate, and dealkylated CPS, were found following CPS treatment and dealkylated CPO following CPO treatment. Diethyl phosphate was not identified because of its high polarity and lack of retention with the chromatographic conditions employed. Phase II-related conjugates, including O- and S-glucuronides as well as 11 GSH-derived metabolites, were identified in CPS-treated human hepatocytes, although the O-sulfate of TCP conjugate was found only when human liver S9 fractions were used as the enzyme source. O-Glucuronide of TCP was also identified in CPO-treated hepatocytes. CPS and CPO were identified using HPLC-UV after CPS metabolism by the human liver S9 fraction. However, CPO was not found following treatment of human hepatocytes with either CPS or CPO. These results suggest that human liver plays an important role in detoxification, rather than activation, of CPS.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌HY-1的生长及对毒死蜱的酶促降解特性

为明确毒死蜱降解菌—蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus) HY-1的生长和粗酶液对毒死蜱的降解特性, 采用种子液中定量添加毒死蜱和测定粗酶比活力的方法, 研究了含毒死蜱的种子液培养基中菌株的生长规律和环境因素对粗酶液降解毒死蜱的影响。结果表明: 含毒死蜱的培养液和空白对照相比菌株生长的适应期延长, 对数期、稳定期顺序后延。随着培养液中菌体数量的增长, 培养液的pH也随之升高。粗酶液中可溶性蛋白的含量为2.21 g/L, 测得粗提酶中其米氏常数Km为1.235 6 mmol/L, 最大降解速率Vm