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1.
The interactions of four nytroxyl spin labels with photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids and liposomes) have been investigated by the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance technique (EPR). The obtained data (shapes of EPR spectra and kinetics of light induced reactions) allow us to localize the interactions between the markers and photosynthetic membranes. The pH influence on the reaction kinetics has also been investigated. On the basis of these experimental data, a theoretical model of the interaction between spin labels and the photosynthetic electron transport chain is proposed.  相似文献   
2.
The flavonoid glycoside accumulation level was compared in class A and in class C spinach chloroplast suspensions. Class A chloroplasts (up to 97% intact) contained about 0.4% of the total flavonoid glycosides present in leaves. Further purification of 97%-intact chloroplast suspensions, through a Percoll gradient, reduced the glycoside level to less than 0.15%. On the other hand, class C chloroplasts (100% broken plastids) contained between 10 to 30 times more flavonoids than intact Percoll purified chloroplasts. These results indicate that chloroplasts could bind vacuolar glycosides during their period of isolation. This hypothesis was confirmed by controlled contamination experiments using a cell-free supernatant as a source of vacuolar glycosides. Furthermore, the level of flavonoids in chloroplasts could be decreased to a level close to that obtained in intact Percoll purified chloroplasts by washing with soluble polyvinylpyrolidone. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the importance of maintaining the physiological integrity of plastids during the course of organelle isolation when investigating flavonic compartmentation in leaves.  相似文献   
3.
Summary Leaves of olive trees growing in the vicinity of the Aluminium Factory of Greece were ultrastructurally investigated in order to determine any malformations caused by environmental air pollutants, especially hydrogen fluoride, in comparison with control samples and normal seasonal senescence. Estimation of some elements accumulated by these leaves showed that they contained high amounts of F and Al attributable to the operation of the nearby factory. The most seriously effected cell components were found to be the mesophyll chloroplasts that show a dilation of the intrathylakoid space, increase of the number of plastoglobuli, discoloration of plastoglobuli, accumulation of large starch grains and an overall disorganized appearance of the organelle. The nuclear crystalloid inclusions have unusual shapes, while the vacuoles contain a fibrillar/granular material that increases their electron density. It is concluded that the ultrastructural malformations are caused by a combination of environmental stresses and air pollutants.This paper is dedicated to Professor Dr. Eberhard Schnepf on the occasion of his 60th birthday.  相似文献   
4.
The respiratory uptake or photosynthetic evolution of oxygen by mesophyll protoplasts of pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Arkel) were monitored during successive short. (3–5 min) cycles of darkness and illumination. The rate of respiration was nearly doubled after 3–4 short periods of illumination while there was a 15–20% enhancement in photosynthesis with cycles of illumination and darkness preceding illumination. Such interaction between photosynthesis and respiration was statistically significant when bicarbonate was present in the reaction medium. The inhibitors of photosynthesis [3(3,4–dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU), glyceraldehyde] decreased respiration after periods of illumination, whereas inhibitors of respiratory electron transport (Rotenone, antimycin A, NaN3) suppressed photosynthesis, as well. We suggest that a rapid beneficial interaction exists between photosynthesis and respiration in protoplasts, even during short cycles of light and darkness.  相似文献   
5.
Routing of cytosolically synthesized precursor proteins into chloroplasts is a specific process which involves a multitude of soluble and membrane components. In this review we wil1 focus on early events of the translocation pathway of nuclear coded plastidic precursor proteins and compare import routes for polypeptide of the outer chloroplast envelope to that of internal chloroplast compartments. A number of proteins housed in the chloroplast envelopes have been implied to be involved in the translocation process, but so far a certain function has not been assigned to any of these proteins. The only exception could be an envelope localized hsc 70 homologue which could retain the import competence of a precursor protein in transit into the organelle.  相似文献   
6.
In spinach thylakoids prepared from intact chloroplasts by shocking in the presence of ascorbate to preserve the operation of ascorbate peroxidase, the rate of oxygen uptake with methyl viologen as acceptor decreased in response to the addition of H2O2. Such a decrease was not observed in the presence of KCN or when the thylakoids lost ascorbate peroxidase activity. Illumination of intact chloroplasts in the presence of H2O2 and methyl viologen showed an initial rate of oxygen exchange, which is intermediate between the initial rate of oxygen evolution in the presence of H2O2 alone and steady-state oxygen uptake in the presence of methyl viologen. The data showed that monodehydroascorbate radical generated in ascorbate peroxidase reaction could compete with methyl viologen for electrons supplied by the electron transport chain in both thylakoids and intact chloroplasts. During the illumination of intact chloroplasts the rate of oxygen uptake increased. The presence of nigericin swiftly led to steady-state oxygen uptake, and to a clear-cut 1:1 relationship between the electron transport rate estimated from fluorescence assay and the electron transport rate determined from oxygen uptake, taking the stoichiometry 1O2:4e. The increase in oxygen uptake was attributed to the cessation of monodehydroascorbate radical generation brought about by consumption of intrachloroplast ascorbate in the peroxidase reactions, and the effects of nigericin were explained by acceleration of such consumption. The competition between methyl viologen and monodehydroascorbate radical in the intact chloroplasts was estimated under various conditions.  相似文献   
7.
Irmgard Ziegler 《Planta》1977,135(1):25-32
35SO2, 35SO 3 2- , and 35SO 4 2- , respectively, were applied to leaves of Spinacia oleracea L. for 60 min in the light. Thereafter, the specific activity was determined in the organelles separated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In mitochondria and peroxisomes, the specific activity was equally distributed in their protein moieties. After application of 35SO2 or 35SO 3 2- , the chloroplast lamellae are characterized by elevated specific activity, which is not found after application of 35SO 4 2- . Chloroplast stroma shows a low specific incorporation rate after application of either compound, which may be due to the low turnover rate of Fraction I protein.  相似文献   
8.
The effects of DCMU and NaN3 were studied on menadione-mediated photophosphorylation in broken spinach chloroplasts kept in low oxygen tension in Tricine or HEPES buffers at either high or reduced irradiances. – (A) At high irradiance (131 W. m?2) and absence of NaN3 the ATP formation was inhibited by DCMU regardless of the type of buffer used. – (B) At high irradiance and presence of NaN3 some concentrations of DCMU stimulated, whilst others inhibited the ATP formation in a HEPES buffer. The ATP formation was predominantly inhibited by DCMU in a Tricine buffer. – (C) At reduced irradiance (57 W. m?2) the chloroplasts in a HEPES buffer were almost insensitive towards DCMU both in the presence and absence of NaN3. – (D) Chloroplasts in a Tricine buffer were slightly stimulated in their ATP formation by DCMU at reduced irradiance either with or without the presence of NaN3 in the experimental medium. When menadione acts as a terminal electron acceptor, oxygen is consumed on its reoxidation. The results indicate that this process may occur with oxygen released by the splitting of water as the main oxidant. – The data also demonstrate the importance of caution when selecting buffering substances as well as when choosing light intensities for experiments on photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.  相似文献   
9.
Transport of polypeptides across membranes is a general and essential cellular process utilised by molecular machines. At least one component of these complexes contains a domain composed of three tetratricopeptide repeat (3-TPR) motifs. We have focussed on the receptor Toc64 to elucidate the evolved functional specifications of its 3-TPR domain. Toc64 is a component of the Toc core complex and functionally replaces Tom70 at the outer membrane of mitochondria in plants. Its 3-TPR domain recognises the conserved C-terminus of precursor-bound chaperones. We built homology models of the 3-TPR domain of chloroplastic Toc64 from different species and of the mitochondrial isoform from Arabidopsis. Guided by modelling, we identified residues essential for functional discrimination of the differently located isoforms to be located almost exclusively on the convex surface of the 3-TPR domain. The only exception is at568Ser/ps557Met, which is positioned in the ligand-binding groove. The functional implications of the homology models are discussed. Figure Motion contained within the 2nd eigenvector of the Calpha covariance matrix of the 3-TPR domain of atToc64-V indicated by a porcupine plot Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   
10.
An historical and personal reflection on the function of the Benson–Calvin Cycle in isolated chloroplasts, the role of inorganic phosphate and the manner in which this might be best presented to students.  相似文献   
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