首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   3721篇
  免费   293篇
  国内免费   298篇
  2023年   49篇
  2022年   74篇
  2021年   69篇
  2020年   85篇
  2019年   123篇
  2018年   96篇
  2017年   140篇
  2016年   135篇
  2015年   113篇
  2014年   198篇
  2013年   207篇
  2012年   113篇
  2011年   233篇
  2010年   113篇
  2009年   216篇
  2008年   197篇
  2007年   185篇
  2006年   172篇
  2005年   198篇
  2004年   174篇
  2003年   122篇
  2002年   105篇
  2001年   74篇
  2000年   83篇
  1999年   77篇
  1998年   90篇
  1997年   71篇
  1996年   79篇
  1995年   88篇
  1994年   63篇
  1993年   60篇
  1992年   49篇
  1991年   57篇
  1990年   47篇
  1989年   49篇
  1988年   42篇
  1987年   30篇
  1986年   30篇
  1985年   32篇
  1984年   36篇
  1983年   25篇
  1982年   30篇
  1981年   16篇
  1980年   20篇
  1979年   12篇
  1978年   5篇
  1977年   5篇
  1975年   8篇
  1973年   9篇
  1971年   4篇
排序方式: 共有4312条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) use may have long‐term neurotoxic effects. In this study, positron emission tomography with the tracer alpha‐[11C]methyl‐l ‐tryptophan (11C‐AMT) was used to compare human brain serotonin (5‐HT) synthesis capacity in 17 currently drug‐free MDMA polydrug users with that in 18 healthy matched controls. Gender differences and associations between regional 11C‐AMT trapping and characteristics of MDMA use were also examined. MDMA polydrug users exhibited lower normalized 11C‐AMT trapping in pre‐frontal, orbitofrontal, and parietal regions, relative to controls. These differences were more widespread in males than in females. Increased normalized 11C‐AMT trapping in MDMA users was also observed, mainly in the brainstem and in frontal and temporal areas. Normalized 11C‐AMT trapping in the brainstem and pre‐frontal regions correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with greater lifetime accumulated MDMA use, longer durations of MDMA use, and shorter time elapsed since the last MDMA use. Although the possibility of pre‐existing 5‐HT alterations pre‐disposing people to use MDMA cannot be ruled out, regionally decreased 5‐HT synthesis capacity in the forebrain could be interpreted as neurotoxicity of MDMA on distal (frontal) brain regions. On the other hand, increased 5‐HT synthesis capacity in the raphe and adjacent areas could be due to compensatory mechanisms.

  相似文献   

2.
Here, we describe the fabrication of an electrochemical immunoglobulin E (IgE) aptasensor using enzyme-linked aptamer in the sandwich assay method and thionine as redox probe. In this protocol, 5′-amine-terminated IgE aptamer and thionine were covalently attached on glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes/ionic liquid/chitosan nanocomposite. Furthermore, another IgE aptamer was modified with biotin and enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which attached to the aptamer via biotin–streptavidin interaction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry were performed at each stage of the chemical modification process to confirm the resulting surface changes. The presence of IgE induces the formation of a double aptamer sandwich structure on the electrode, and the electrocatalytic reduction current of thionine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was measured as the sensor response. Under optimized conditions and using differential pulse voltammetry as the measuring technique, the proposed aptasensor showed a low detection limit (6 pM) and high sensitivity (1.88 μA nM−1). This aptasensor also exhibited good stability and high selectivity for IgE detection without an interfering effect of some other proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme. The application of the aptasensor for IgE detection in human serum sample was also investigated. The proposed protocol is quite promising as an alternative sandwich approach for various protein assays.  相似文献   
3.
The production of waste creates both direct and indirect environmental impacts. A range of strategies are available to reduce the generation of waste by industry and households, and to select waste treatment approaches that minimize environmental harm. However, evaluating these strategies requires reliable and detailed data on waste production and treatment. Unfortunately, published Australian waste data are typically highly aggregated, published by a variety of entities in different formats, and do not form a complete time‐series. We demonstrate a technique for constructing a multi‐regional waste supply‐use (MRWSU) framework for Australia using information from numerous waste data sources. This is the first MRWSU framework to be constructed (to the authors' knowledge) and the first sub‐national waste input‐output framework to be constructed for Australia. We construct the framework using the Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab), a cloud‐hosted computational platform for building Australian multi‐regional input‐output tables. The structure of the framework complies with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA). We demonstrate the use of the MRWSU framework by calculating waste footprints that enumerate the full supply chain waste production for Australian consumers.  相似文献   
4.
 To determine whether stable isotopes can be used for identifying the geographic origins of migratory bird populations, we examined the isotopic composition of hydrogen (deuterium, δD), carbon (δ13C), and strontium (δ87Sr) in tissues of a migratory passerine, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), throughout its breeding range in eastern North America. δD and δ13C values in feathers, which are grown in the breeding area, varied systematically along a latitudinal gradient, being highest in samples from the southern end of the species’ breeding range in Georgia and lowest in southern Canada. In addition, δD decreased from east to west across the northern part of the breeding range, from New Brunswick to Michigan. δ87Sr ratios were highest in the Appalachian Mountains, and decreased towards the west. These patterns are consistent with geographical variation in the isotopic composition of the natural environment, i.e., with that of precipitation, plants, and soils for δD, δ13C, and δ87Sr, respectively. Preliminary analyses of the δD and δ13C composition of feathers collected from warblers in their Caribbean winter grounds indicate that these individuals were mostly from northern breeding populations. Furthermore, variances in isotope ratios in samples from local areas in winter tended to be larger than those in summer, suggesting that individuals from different breeding localities may mix in winter habitats. These isotope markers, therefore, have the potential for locating the breeding origins of migratory species on their winter areas, for quantifying the degree of mixing of breeding populations on migratory and wintering sites, and for documenting other aspects of the population structure migratory animals – information needed for studies of year-round ecology of these species as well as for their conservation. Combining information from several stable isotopes will help to increase the resolution for determining the geographic origins of individuals in such highly vagile populations. Received: 24 April 1995 / Accepted: 2 June 1996  相似文献   
5.
Effects of above-ground herbivory on short-term plant carbon allocation were studied using maize (Zea mays) and a generalist lubber grasshopper (Romalea guttata). We hypothesized that above-ground herbivory stimulates current net carbon assimilate allocation to below-ground components, such as roots, root exudation and root and soil respiration. Maize plants 24 days old were grazed (c. 25–50% leaf area removed) by caging grasshoppers around individual plants and 18 h later pulse-labelled with14CO2. During the next 8 h,14C assimilates were traced to shoots, roots, root plus soil respiration, root exudates, rhizosphere soil, and bulk soil using carbon-14 techniques. Significant positive relationships were observed between herbivory and carbon allocated to roots, root exudates, and root and soil respiration, and a significant negative relationship between herbivory and carbon allocated to shoots. No relationship was observed between herbivory and14C recovered from soil. While herbivory increased root and soil respiration, the peak time for14CO2 evolved as respiration was not altered, thereby suggesting that herbivory only increases the magnitude of respiration, not patterns of translocation through time. Although there was a trend for lower photosynthetic rates of grazed plants than photosynthetic rates of ungrazed plants, no significant differences were observed among grazed and ungrazed plants. We conclude that above-ground herbivory can increase plant carbon fluxes below ground (roots, root exudates, and rhizosphere respiration), thus increasing resources (e.g., root exudates) available to soil organisms, especially microbial populations.  相似文献   
6.
The metatolic fate of silicone gel leaked from an intact or ruptured prosthesis is unknown. In this study, serum was blindly assayed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for elemental silicon in 72 women with silicone gel breast implants and 55 control women (mean age 48 yr, both groups). Blood was drawn and processed using silicon-free materials. The mean silicon level in controls was 0.13±0.07 mg/L (range 0.06–0.35 mg/L), whereas in implant patients, the mean was significantly higher at 0.28±0.22 mg/L (range 0.06–0.87 mg/L) (P<0.01, Student'st-test with correction for unequal variances). Using the mean of the control group +2 SD as a cutoff for normal range (0.27 mg/L), 25/72 (34.7%) implant patients exceeded this value, compared with 2/55 (3.6%) controls. There was no significant correlation between past rupture of one or both implants, current rupture at the time of the blood draw, or the number of years with implants and silicon levels. The results suggest that serum silicon levels are elevated in many women with silicone gel breast implants. The chemical species involved and kinetics of this elevation remain to be determined.  相似文献   
7.
Food–web complexity often hinders disentangling functionally relevant aspects of food–web structure and its relationships to biodiversity. Here, we present a theoretical framework to evaluate food–web complexity in terms of biodiversity. Food network unfolding is a theoretical method to transform a complex food web into a linear food chain based on ecosystem processes. Based on this method, we can define three biodiversity indices, horizontal diversity (DH), vertical diversity (DV) and range diversity (DR), which are associated with the species diversity within each trophic level, diversity of trophic levels, and diversity in resource use, respectively. These indices are related to Shannon's diversity index (H′), where H′ = DH + DV ? DR. Application of the framework to three riverine macroinvertebrate communities revealed that D indices, calculated from biomass and stable isotope features, captured well the anthropogenic, seasonal, or other within‐site changes in food–web structures that could not be captured with H′ alone.  相似文献   
8.
Cultures of the cyanobacterium Microcystis firma show rhythmic uptake and release of ammonia under conditions of carbon limitation. The massive removal of ammonia from the medium during the first light phase has little impact on the intracellular pH: a pH shift of less than 0.2 U towards the alkaline can be measured by in vivo 31P NMR. Furthermore, the energy status of the cells remains regulated. In vivo 15N NMR of M. firma, cultivated either with labelled nitrate or ammonia as the sole nitrogen source, reveals only gradual differences in the pool of free amino acids. Additionally both cultivation types show -aminobutyric acid, acid amides and yet unassigned secondary metabolites as nitrogen storing compounds. Investigating the incorporation of nitrogen under carbon limitation, however, only the amide nitrogen of glutamine is found permanently labelled in situ. While transamination reactions are blocked, nitrate reduction to ammonia can still proceed. Cation exchange processes in the cell wall are considered regarding the ammonia disappearance in the first phase, and the control of ammonia uptake is discussed with respect to the avoidance of intracellular toxification.Abbreviations GABA -aminobutyric acid - GOGAT glutamate synthase - GS glutamine synthetase - MDP methylene diphosphonate - MOPSO 3-(N-morpholino)-2-hydroxy-propanesulfonic acid - NDPS nucieoside diphosphosugars - NOE nuclear Overhauser effect - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance For convenience, the term ammonia is used throughout to denote ammonia or ammonium ion when there is no good evidence as to which chemical species is involved  相似文献   
9.
The dissociation constant (Kd) for CO from neuronal nitric oxide synthase heme in the absence of the substrate and cofactor was less than 10−3 μM. In the presence of

-Arg, it dramatically increased up to 1 μM. In the presence of inhibitors such as NG-nitro-

-arginine methyl ester and 7-nitroindazole (NI), the Kd value further increased up to more than 100 μM. Addition of the cofactor, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B), increased the Kd value by 10-fold in the presence of

-Arg, whereas it decreased the value to less than one 250th in the presence of NI. Addition of H4B increased the recombination rate constant (kon) for CO by more than two-fold in the presence of

-Arg or N6-(1-iminoethyl)-

-lysine, whereas it decreased the kon value by three-fold in the presence of

-thiocitrulline. Thus, the binding fashion of some of inhibitors, such as NI, may be different from that of

-Arg with respect to the H4B effect.  相似文献   
10.
城镇化对我国食物消费系统氮素水体排放的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
城镇化的快速发展,将带来巨大的生态环境压力和严重的污染问题.以1982年、1992年和2002年我国城镇与农村居民食用氮的流动去向为对象,探讨了城镇化对氮素水体排放的影响.结果表明:城镇居民食用氮与排泄的粪尿氮高于农村居民;人均排入水体氮量,1982年城镇与农村居民大体相当,1992年、2002年城镇居民是农村居民2.8倍;粪尿氮排入水体比率,1982年城镇与农村基本相当,在7.5%左右,但到2002年城镇粪尿氮排入水体比率高达56.7%,城镇比农村要高34个百分点.情景分析结果表明,如果在人口增加的同时还要改善食物结构增加蛋白质摄入量, 2020年粪尿氮总产生量将增加121~155万t,排入水体氮量也将增加41~64万t.提高粪尿还田率、污水处理率及氮的去除率可以降低粪尿氮排入水体比率.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号