Do tracheid microstructure and the presence of minute crystals link Nymphaeaceae,Cabombaceae and Hydatellaceae?

Original scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations are presented for stems of Brasenia schreberi and Cabomba caroliniana of Cabombaceae and three species of Trithuria of Hydatellaceae. End walls of stem tracheids of Brasenia have the same peculiar microstructure that we have reported in Barclaya, Euryale, Nuphar, Nymphaea (including Ondinea) and Victoria of Nymphaeaceae. This feature unites Cabombaceae with Nymphaeaceae. The minute rhomboidal crystals on the surfaces of stellate parenchyma cells of Brasenia reported by Solereder (1906. Oxford: University Press), but not noticed since, are figured. They are like the minute crystals of the often‐mentioned astrosclereids of Nymphaeaceae. Neither of these two features has been observed in Hydatellaceae. If the absence of these two features can be confirmed, the reason may be more related to ecology, development, habit and anatomical organization than to degree of phylogenetic relationship as shown by molecular studies. Anatomical observations on the stem anatomy of Trithuria are offered on the basis of paraffin sections prepared for a paper by Cheadle & Kosakai (1975. American Journal of Botany 62: 1017–1026); that study is notable for a discrepancy between an illustration of a specialized vessel element on the one hand and tabular data indicating long scalariform perforation plates on the other. Long scalariform perforation plates are mostly found in scalariformly pitted vessels of monocots, whereas the tracheary elements of Trithuria mostly have helical or annular thickenings. We were unable to demonstrate the presence of vessels in Hydatellaceae. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 572–582.     

不同生境下莼菜群落的物种多样性

采用Braun Blanquet多盖度等级法研究了苏州东山镇和杭州转塘镇莼菜群落的物种多样性.结果表明：两地半自然莼菜群落的种类组成均较为简单,其物种多样性指数均较低;随着从池塘中央向岸边生境过渡,莼菜群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和群落均匀度指数均有显著提高;经聚类分析,同一生境类型中的样地较为相似,且池塘中央的样地比岸边的样地更为相似;线性回归和聚类分析发现,与转塘镇相比,东山镇两类生境莼菜群落间的差异性更大.     

莼菜冬芽越冬生理研究

按季节测定了莼菜生长周期中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸以及水分的含量 ,测定结果表明冬芽越冬阶段其体内可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖以及水分的含量较高 ,而脯氨酸却是一年中的最低。这说明冬芽越冬期间其抗寒性的维持可能与体内高浓度的可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖以及水分有关 ,而与脯氨酸无直接的关系。     

Funaria Rhizoids infected with Pleotrachelus wildermani

Abstract

The recolonisation of bryophytes on soil during 3½ years following fire in a mixed forest in south-west Tasmania is characterised by the presence of Marchantia berteroana, Funaria hygrometrica, Ceratodon purpureus and Polytrichum juniperinum, while limited cover is provided by Campy lop us introjlexus, Tortella calycina and Bryum sauteri. It has been verified that the protonemal growth of the early colonising mosses is more rapid than non-colonising specles. The preference for spores of Funaria hygrometrica, Ceratodon purpureus and Marchantia berteroana to germinate on burnt soil is confirmed. However, it has been shown that burnt substrates do not inhibit the germination of non-colonising species. Therefore, the rapid development of protonemata and gametophytes in the colonising species may be a critical factor for their success.     

The effects of wood decay type on the growth of bryophyte gametophytes

Deadwood is an important habitat for bryophytes in boreal and subalpine forests. The type of decay in wood (white, brown, and soft rot) caused by fungal colonizers has been revealed to affect bryophyte communities. However, little is known about the effects of decay type on the growth of bryophytes. We tested the effect of wood decay type on gametophyte growth for two common bryophyte species, Scapania bolanderi Austin and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., which dominate the logs in subalpine coniferous forest on Mt. Ontake, in central Honshu, Japan. We used pot culture experiments in an open-sky nursery field. After eight months of cultivation, the growth of S. bolanderi was larger on brown rot wood than white rot wood, but the growth of P. schreberi was not. Mixed cultures of the two species also showed greater growth on brown rot wood. However, growth of S. bolanderi was significantly smaller than P. schreberi in mixed culture. These results suggest that brown rot wood enhances growth of S. bolanderi, but growth may be reduced under competition from P. schreberi. The results are in agreement with the field observation that brown rot wood has a positive association with S. bolanderi coverage on deadwood.     

Hg2+污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶细胞超微结构伤害的研究

报道了Ｈｇ＾２＋污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶毒害引起的叶片受害症状和叶肉细胞的超微结构变化。冬芽在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度５ｍｇ／Ｌ处理１５ｄ时,叶片开始褪绿,腺毛收缩扭曲,粘液减少,细胞中高尔基体消失,核糖体减少,线粒体出现解体。在相同处理时间中,随着Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度增加,细胞出现质膜收缩,胞间连丝断裂,核仁裂解成多个小核仁,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体解体。在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度１５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,细胞核解体,细胞死亡。经观察,Ｈｇ＾     

Carpels in Brasenia (Cabombaceae) are completely ascidiate despite a long stigmatic crest

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The morphological structure of anthetic carpels of Brasenia (Cabombaceae), a member of the phylogenetically basal ANITA grade, has not been studied before. The carpel has a long stigmatic crest on the ventral side and could give the impression of a conduplicate structure. This is in contrast to the carpel structure in other genera of the ANITA grade. Therefore, a study of carpel development and carpel structure at anthesis was carried out. METHODS: Carpels of Brasenia schreberi were studied at different developmental stages up to anthesis by means of microtome section series and SEM to analyse and reconstruct the outer and inner carpel morphology. KEY RESULTS: Carpels of Brasenia are extremely ascidiate up to anthesis. The elongate stigma originates around the mouth of the young carpel, which is slightly curved toward the centre of the flower. Subsequently, the stigmatic zone below the mouth expands by massive intercalary elongation. CONCLUSIONS: In their ascidiate shape, carpels of Brasenia are similar to carpels of Cabomba, the other genus of Cabombaceae, which, in contrast, has a short stigma restricted to the tip of the carpel. Thus, the morphological structure is independent of the extent (and one-sidedness) of the stigma. The outer shape of carpels at anthesis does not allow the inference of the inner morphological surface. If an angiosperm carpel has a one-sided stigma it can be extremely conduplicate or extremely ascidiate. Therefore, caution has to be used in the interpretation of the structure of fossil carpels.     

莼菜根不同发育区细胞中高尔基体的发育与结构变化

在莼菜根分生区细胞中,部分粗糙内质网片断转化成单个潴泡,游离于细胞基质中的单个潴泡相互叠加后形成具6—8个潴泡组成的高尔基体。高尔基体在伸长区进入分泌高峰期,由于其成熟面的潴泡溢出大量分泌泡后消失或潴泡游离出去,使高尔基体潴泡数目减少,部分高尔基体形成面有内质网溢出的小泡互相融合后形成新的潴泡补充,另一些高尔基体由于得不到潴泡补充而逐渐消失;这可能是成熟区细胞内高尔基体数目减少的重要原因之一。