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1.
Small birch plants were grown for up to 80 d in a climate chamber at varied relative addition rates of nitrogen in culture solution, and at ambient (350 μmol mol-1) or elevated (700 μmol mol-1) concentrations of CO2. The relative addition rate of nitrogen controlled relative growth rate accurately and independently of CO2 concentration at sub-optimum levels. During free access to nutrients, relative growth rate was higher at elevated CO2. Higher values of relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were associated with higher values of plant N-concentration. At all N-supply rates, elevated CO2 resulted in higher values of net assimilation rate, whereas leaf weight ratio was independent of CO2. Specific leaf area (and leaf area ratio) was less at higher CO2 and at lower rates of N-supply. Lower values of specific leaf area were partly because of starch accumulation. Nitrogen productivity (growth rate per unit plant nitrogen) was higher at elevated CO2. At sub-optimal N-supply, the higher net assimilation rate at elevated CO2 was offset by a lower leaf area ratio. Carbon dioxide did not affect root/shoot ratio, but a higher fraction of plant dry weight was found in roots at lower N-supply. In the treatment with lowest N-supply, five times as much root length was produced per amount of plant nitrogen in comparison with optimum plants. The specific fine root length at all N-supplies was greater at elevated CO2. These responses of the root system to lower N-supply and elevated CO2 may have a considerable bearing on the acquisition of nutrients in depleted soils at elevated CO2. The advantage of maintaining steady-state nutrition in small plants while investigating the effects of elevated CO2 on growth is emphasized.  相似文献   
2.
Growth and shoot: root ratio of seedlings in relation to nutrient availability   总被引:30,自引:2,他引:28  
Ericsson  Tom 《Plant and Soil》1995,168(1):205-214
The influence of mineral nutrient availability, light intensity and CO2 on growth and shoot:root ratio in young plants is reviewed. Special emphasis in this evaluation is given to data from laboratory experiments with small Betula pendula plants, in which the concept of steady-state nutrition has been applied.Three distinctly different dry matter allocation patterns were observed when growth was limited by the availability of mineral nutrients: 1, Root growth was favoured when N, P or S were the major growth constraints. 2, The opposite pattern obtained when K, Mg and Mn restricted growth. 3, Shortage of Ca, Fe and Zn had almost no effect on the shoot:root ratio. The light regime had no effect on dry matter allocation except at very low photon flux densities (< 6.5 mol m-2 day-1), in which a small decrease in the root fraction was observed. Shortage of CO2, on the other hand, strongly decreased root development, while an increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration had no influence on dry matter partitioning. An increased allocation of dry matter to below-ground parts was associated with an increased amount of starch in the tissues. Depletion of the carbohydrate stores occurred under all conditions in which root development was inhibited. It is concluded that the internal balance between labile nitrogen and carbon in the root and the shoot system determines how dry matter is being partitioned in the plant. The consistency of this statement with literature data and existing models for shoot:root regulation is examined.  相似文献   
3.
Luca Borghesio 《Plant Ecology》2009,201(2):723-731
This study focuses on the effect of fire on lowland heathlands at the extreme southern edge of their European distribution (Vauda Nature Reserve, NW Italy). Forty-nine plots (50 m radius) were surveyed between 1999 and 2006. Each year, fire occurrences were recorded and per cent cover of four vegetation types (grassland, heath, low shrubland, and tall shrubland) was estimated in each plot. Vascular plant species richness was also recorded in 255, 1 m2 quadrats. After a fire, grassland vegetation expanded, but then declined rapidly as heath and shrubland recovered: 7 years after a fire, tall shrubland encroached on to more than 40% of the plots, and grassland declined from 50% to 20% cover. Between 1999 and 2006, Betula pendula shrubland greatly expanded, while grassland decreased over most of the Reserve, even where fire frequency was high. Tall shrubland had low plant diversity and was dominated by widespread species of lower conservation value. By contrast, early successional vegetation (grassland and low shrubland) had higher richness and more narrowly distributed species, indication that the development of tall shrubland causes significant species loss in the heathland. Italian lowland heathlands are characterized by high rates of shrubland encroachment that threatens both habitat and species diversity. Burning frequencies of once in 3–6 years seem appropriate in this habitat, but burning alone might not suffice without actions to increase herbivore grazing.  相似文献   
4.
为了阐明黄龙山白桦不同生境、不同径级、不同器官桦木醇与桦木酸含量,系统采集了陕北黄土高原黄龙山林场阳坡、阴坡、林缘、孤立木4种生境下的白桦不同径级植株的树皮、树枝和树叶样品,采用超声波辅助提取法提取样品,用高效液相色谱法测定了不同生境、不同径级白桦各器官桦木醇、桦木酸含量。结果表明:(1)不同生境下白桦各器官桦木醇、桦木酸含量均存在显著差异(P<0.05),白桦树皮中桦木醇与桦木酸含量、白桦树枝中桦木酸含量在4种生境下均表现为阴坡>孤立木>林缘>阳坡,白桦树叶中桦木醇与桦木酸含量及树枝中桦木醇含量均表现为阴坡>林缘>孤立木>阳坡,总体来看阴坡生境下白桦各器官桦木醇与桦木酸含量都是最高的。(2)在白桦各器官中,桦木醇、桦木酸含量均表现为树皮>树枝>树叶。(3)不同生境下白桦各器官桦木醇、桦木酸含量随着胸径的增大均先增大后减小,均在第Ⅱ径级即胸径10.1~20 cm达到最大。研究认为,阴坡生境有利于白桦各器官积累桦木醇、桦木酸;白桦各器官中桦木醇含量较高,桦木酸含量比较低,而以桦木酸为原料的生物制剂已进入临床应用阶段,因此,以桦木醇为原料制取桦木酸是解决桦木酸在天然植物中含量低、提取困难的有效途径;对白桦各器官的采收应注意把握时机,于白桦生长到胸径10.1~20 cm时为最佳采收期。  相似文献   
5.
濒危植物盐桦离体组织培养特性的研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
目的:探讨新疆濒危植物盐桦离体组织培养的特性。方法:从盐桦原生地阿尔泰阿拉哈克盐湖边采摘盐桦休眠实生苗上的落叶枝条,待其萌发后分别取带芽嫩茎、嫩茎茎段及嫩叶芽尖三种不同材料接种于启动培养基,比较三种盐桦离体组织的诱导分化,继而设计不同激素、不同水平的单因子试验和正交试验,筛选适宜盐桦外植体芽增殖和生根的分化培养基。结果:诱导盐桦芽增殖的最佳外植体是带芽嫩茎,盐桦外植体增殖、壮苗最适培养基为:MS 6-BA 1.0mg/L IBA 0.5mg/L;盐桦外植体生根最适培养基为:1/2MS IBA 0.5mg/L 蔗糖30g/L 琼脂7% 暗光处理3d。结论:本研究筛选获得适宜盐桦芽增殖和生根的最佳培养条件,为高效扩繁和保存盐桦种质资源奠定了基础。  相似文献   
6.
研究了不同月份、不同密度下川西亚高山丘桦(Betula albo—sinensis)幼苗土壤蔗糖酶活性对温度升高(ET)、大气CO2浓度升高(EC)及其复合作用(ETC)的响应.结果表明:ET处理下,各月份土壤蔗糖酶活性均表现出不同程度的提高,其中5、6、9和10月份达到显著水平(P〈0.05);EC处理下,各月份土壤蔗糖酶活性均显著提高,各月份土壤蔗糖酶活性表现为高密度根际土壤(HR)〉低密度根际土壤(LR)〉高密度非根际土壤(HN)〉低密度非根际土壤(LN);不同月份的土壤蔗糖酶活性对ETC和遮荫(CS)处理的响应不同,其响应动态与季节变化、植物密度以及蔗糖酶在土壤中的位置密切相关.  相似文献   
7.
子午岭林区白桦-辽东栎混交林光合生理生态特征研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
秦娟  刘勇  上官周平 《西北植物学报》2006,26(11):2331-2337
对黄土高原子午岭次生林区白桦林、辽东栎林和白桦-辽东栎混交林3种林分的土壤物理特性和叶片光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)白桦-辽东栎混交林地的土壤水分明显改善,其土壤容重最小、土壤孔隙度最大,且均优于纯林,即混交林地有深层次的土壤水分可供利用,并改善了土壤的物理结构;(2)辽东栎林的光合速率和气孔导度最大,其次为白桦-辽东栎混交林,水分利用率(WUE)为混交林白桦>混交林辽东栎>辽东栎林>白桦林;(3)混交林中白桦、辽东栎的Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均较大,与纯林差异不显著;白桦林和辽东栎林的qP和NPQ值均大于混交林。  相似文献   
8.
Fourteen morphometric variables of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaves from two sites in the Upper Silesia province were analyzed to establish the pattern of intrapopulational and interpopulational relations. The leaves were collected from ten trees growing on a zinc–lead dump as well as from ten trees in the unpolluted area of Mirów within the same bioclimatic region. Leaf samples were collected from the trees during the vegetative seasons 1999 and 2000. The size and shape of leaves were studied using standard biometric methods. Cluster analysis indicated overall differences between the populations. Both populations differed with respect to almost all the morphometric variables (P<0.05). Most variables of the leaves, collected from single trees (or combined as a total) on the zinc–lead dump showed more variability than those from the unpolluted site. Discriminant function analysis confirmed the angle of the leaf base as the most important variable in the evaluation of interpopulational variability of leaves.  相似文献   
9.
Photosynthesis is a complex process whose rate is affected by many biochemical and biophysical factors. Fortunately, it is possible to determine, or at least estimate, many of the most important parameters using a combination of optical methods and gas transient analyses. We describe here a computer‐operated routine that has been developed to make detailed assessments of photosynthesis at a comprehensive level. The routine comprised the following measurements: steady‐state light and CO2 response curves of net CO2 assimilation at 21 and 2 kPa O2; transients from limiting to different saturating CO2 concentrations at 2 kPa O2; post‐illumination CO2 fixation transient; dark–light induction of O2 evolution; O2 yield from one saturating single‐turnover flash; chlorophyll fluorescence F0, Fs and Fm during the light and CO2 response curves; leaf transmission at 820 nm (P700+) during the light and CO2 response curves; post‐illumination re‐reduction time of P700+. The routine was executed on a two‐channel fast‐response gas exchange measurement system (A. Laisk and V. Oja: Dynamic Gas Exchange of Leaf Photosynthesis. CSIRO, Canberra, Australia). Thirty‐six intrinsic characteristics of the photosynthetic machinery were derived, including quantum yield of CO2 fixation (YCO2), time constant of P700 re‐reduction (τ′), relative optical cross‐sections of PSII and PSI antennae (aII, aI), PSII and PSI density per leaf area unit, plastoquinone pool, total mesophyll resistance, mesophyll diffusion resistance, Vm, Km(CO2) and CO2/O2 specificity of Rubisco, RuBP pool at CO2 limitation (assimilatory charge). An example of the routine and calculations are shown for one leaf and data are presented for leaves of 8‐year‐old‐trees of two birch clones growing in Suonenjoki Forest Research Station, Finland, during summer 2000. Parameters YCO2, basic τ′, aII, aI, Km(CO2) and Ks varied little in different leaves [relative standard deviation (RSD) < 7%], other parameters scattered widely (RSD typically 10–40%). It is concluded that the little scattered parameters are determined by basic physico‐chemical properties of the photosynthetic machinery whereas the widely scattered parameters are adjusting to growth conditions. The proposed non‐destructive routine is suitable for diagnosing the photosynthetic machinery of leaves and may be applied in plant ecophysiology and in genetic engineering of plants.  相似文献   
10.
不同地理种源西南桦苗木的耐热性研究   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16  
陈志刚  谢宗强  郑海水 《生态学报》2003,23(11):2327-2332
由于受全球气候变化的影响,近年来我国一些地区出现了异常高温天气,这越来越引起林业工作者的重视。以亚热带珍贵用材树种西南桦为研究对象,以采集于我国广西和云南两省区12个种源的西南桦种子所育苗木为实验材料,对不同种源苗木在41C高温处理下的生理指标(叶片电导率、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力)的变化进行了综合评价,来选择耐热性优良的种源。结果表明,各生理指标在高温处理后与处理前相比发生了较为明显的变化,其中,叶片电导率增高为对照温度(25C)的1.2倍,光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力则分别只有对照温度的60%、21%和6%;方差分析发现,在对照温度下,各生理指标在不同种源间的差别不明显,而在41C高温处理后,这种差异达到显著程度。用模糊数学的隶属度函数对参加试验的12个种源西南桦苗木的耐热性进行综合评价发现,凌云种源的耐热性最强,建议作为推荐优先发展的种源。  相似文献   
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