巴尔通体（Bartonella tribocorum）P26蛋白原核重组表达研究

目的 构建巴尔通体表面蛋白p26基因的原核重组表达载体,表达和纯化重组表达蛋白P26,并鉴定其抗原性.方法 利用PCR方法从巴尔通体B.tribocorum厦门分离株的基因组DNA中扩增出p26蛋白基因,并将该基因的编码区克隆到pGEX-4T-1表达载体中,从而构建GST-p26融合蛋白原核重组表达载体.将表达载体转化大肠埃希菌（E.coli DH5α）,诱导表达GST-p26,并运用亲和层析技术纯化蛋白.通过蛋白质斑点印迹试验和间接ELISA法检验GST-p26是否具有抗原性.结果 成功构建了p26的原核表达载体,该表达载体可在E.coli DH5α中大量表达GST-p26,原核表达的GST-p26能够与感染动物血液样本发生特异性免疫反应.结论 原核重组表达的GST-p26可作为潜在的抗原,应用于巴尔通体的血清学检测.     

Focus: Zoonotic Disease: Molecular Detection of Zoonotic Pathogens in the Blood and Tissues of Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Central Desert of Iran

Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) play a major economic role in many countries in Africa and Asia. Although they are resistant to harsh environmental conditions, they are susceptible to a wide range of zoonotic agents. This study aimed to provide an overview on the prevalence of selected zoonotic pathogens in blood and tissues of camels in central Iran. Blood, liver, portal lymph node, and brain were collected from 100 apparently healthy camels at a slaughterhouse in Qom city to assess the presence of DNA of Brucella spp., Trypanosoma spp., Coxiella burnetii, and Bartonella spp. PCR products were sequenced bidirectionally and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Eleven percent of camels tested positive for Brucella abortus (3%) and Trypanosoma evansi (8%). Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. DNA was not detected. Our data demonstrate that camels from Iran contribute to the epidemiology of some zoonotic pathogens. Performing proper control strategies, such as vaccination of camels and humans in contact with them, test-and-slaughter policy, and education of the general population is necessary for minimizing the risk of zoonotic infection.     

巴尔通体在滇西南蝙蝠中高度流行并具有丰富的遗传变异特征

蝙蝠是很多病原微生物的自然宿主, 全球多项研究表明蝙蝠是巴尔通体(Bartonella species)的主要宿主。为了解滇西南地区蝙蝠中巴尔通体的流行特征, 我们于2015-2017年间在云南省4个地区应用网捕法捕获蝙蝠3种305只。经种类鉴定后采集肝脾组织, 提取核酸, 通过TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法检测巴尔通体的tmRNA基因ssrA, 并进行测序鉴定和系统发育分析。结果发现172只蝙蝠检出该基因, 总感染率为56.4%; 其中临沧、西双版纳、保山和瑞丽4个采样点的蝙蝠感染率分别为50.0% (22/44)、61.7% (29/47)、62.1% (18/29)和55.7% (103/185)。中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、小菊头蝠(R. blythi)和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaultii)的感染率分别为50.0% (22/44)、62.1% (18/29)和56.9% (132/232), 差异没有统计学意义(χ² = 1.135, P = 0.567), 表明巴尔通体在云南当地的蝙蝠种群中高度流行。定量PCR扩增产物2次扩增后测序获得37个巴尔通体ssrA序列, 属于10个系统发育分支, 其中1个为伊丽莎白巴尔通体(B. elizabethae)、特利波契巴尔通体(B. tribocorum)和克拉斯诺夫巴尔通体(B. krasnovii)的近缘种。其余序列与已知巴尔通体距离较远, 与亚洲、欧洲和美洲等其他地域来源于蝙蝠的巴尔通体近缘。遗传多样性分析显示, ssrA基因的核苷酸多样性指数(π)为0.11381 ± 0.00928, 基因型多样性指数(Hd)为0.985 ± 0.010, 形成29个基因型(单倍型), 说明云南蝙蝠巴尔通体具有丰富的遗传多样性。通过对本研究标本与全球相关序列的系统发育网络重建, 分析全球蝙蝠巴尔通体的地理和宿主分布特征, 可以看出巴尔通体与蝙蝠之间存在显著的宿主特异性关联。因此可初步确定蝙蝠-巴尔通体具有协同进化特征, 同时受到地理隔离的影响。     

巴尔通体分离培养特性观察

从鼠类血液中分离巴尔通体(Bartonella),观察其分离培养特性。被检鼠血为2004年收集自云南省的4个县,采用含5%去纤维兔血脑心浸液琼脂培基置于35℃含5%CO2培养箱中分离培养巴尔通体,进行观察,涂片革兰染色镜检,疑似菌落用巴尔通体属特异性引物进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增特异基因片段[枸橼酸合酶基因(gltA)的379 bp片段],电泳图中出现目标带即判断为阳性菌株。从397份鼠血分离到巴尔通体47份,分离率为11.8%。阳性菌落长出时间最早为3 d,多数为1~2周,占70.2%(33/47)。阳性菌落形态随培养时间延长而改变,特点多样。PCR阳性的菌经革兰染色,镜下均可见革兰阴性小杆菌。结果可见,可先用涂片革兰染色镜检,对疑似菌落进行初筛,巴尔通体种类多、形态多样,培养时间延长,菌落形态可能发生变异,有待进一步探索。     

Genetic diversity of Bartonella quintana in macaques suggests zoonotic origin of trench fever

Bartonella quintana is a bacterium that causes a broad spectrum of diseases in humans including trench fever. Humans were previously considered to be the primary, if not the only, reservoir hosts for B. quintana. To identify the animal reservoir and extend our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary history of B. quintana, we examined blood samples from macaques and performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. We demonstrated the prevalence of B. quintana infection was common in macaques from main primate centres in mainland China. Overall, 18.0% (59/328) of rhesus macaques and 12.7% (39/308) of cynomolgus macaques were found to be infected with B. quintana by blood culture and/or polymerase chain reaction. The infection was more frequently identified in juvenile and young monkeys compared with adult animals. In contrast with the relatively low level of sequence divergence of B. quintana reported in humans, our investigation revealed much higher genetic diversity in nonhuman primates. We identified 44 new nucleotide variable sites and 14 novel sequence types (STs) among the B. quintana isolates by MLST analysis. Some STs were found only in cynomolgus macaques, while some others were detected only in rhesus macaques, suggesting evidence of host‐cospeciation, which were further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis and Splits decomposition analysis. Our findings suggest that trench fever may primarily be a zoonotic disease with macaques as the natural hosts.     

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Bartonella senegalensis sp. nov.

Bartonella senegalensis sp. nov. strain OS02^T is the type strain of B. senegalensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Bartonella. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated in Senegal from the soft tick Ornithodoros sonrai, the vector of relapsing fever. B. senegalensis is an aerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and its annotation. The 1,966,996 bp-long genome contains 1,710 protein-coding and 46 RNA genes, including 6 rRNA genes.     

TaqMan-MGB探针检测文森巴尔通体博格霍夫亚种实时荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

【目的】应用TaqMan-MGB探针技术,建立具有种水平特异性、高敏感性的荧光定量PCR方法,用于快速检测文森巴尔通体博格霍夫亚种。【方法】在序列特异性扩增区标记(Sequence characterized amplifiedregion,SCAR)技术基础上,依据文森巴尔通体博格霍夫亚种一段特有的基因序列设计探针和引物,分别优化扩增反应的退火温度、探针和引物的反应浓度;分析此方法的特异性、敏感性及重复性;绘制标准曲线,评估PCR反应的扩增效率和稳定性。【结果】本研究设计的TaqMan-MGB探针具有种水平特异性;最低检出限为每个PCR反应11个拷贝;组内和组间的变异系数CV值分别为0.12%-0.70%和0.14%-0.55%,在允许范围内;标准曲线线性关系良好(R2=1),扩增效率高(E=104.7%)。【结论】本研究建立的基于TaqMan-MGB探针技术的荧光定量PCR方法能够在种水平特异性、高灵敏度检出文森巴尔通体博格霍夫亚种,为这种巴尔通体所引起的一系列疾病的早期快速诊断、监测和流行病学调查等研究提供有效手段。     

Detection and identification of Bartonella sp. in fleas from carnivorous mammals in Andalusia,Spain

A total of 559 fleas representing four species (Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis and Spilopsyllus cuniculi) collected on carnivores (five Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus, six European wildcat Felis silvestris, 10 common genet Genetta genetta, three Eurasian badger Meles meles, 22 red fox Vulpes vulpes, 87 dogs and 23 cats) in Andalusia, southern Spain, were distributed in 156 pools of monospecific flea from each carnivore, and tested for Bartonella infection in an assay based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16 S–23 S rRNA intergenic spacer region. Twenty‐one samples (13.5%) were positive and the sequence data showed the presence of four different Bartonella species. Bartonella henselae was detected in nine pools of Ctenocephalides felis from cats and dogs and in three pools of Ctenocephalides canis from cats; Bartonella clarridgeiae in Ctenocephalides felis from a cat, and Bartonella alsatica in Spilopsyllus cuniculi from a wildcat. DNA of Bartonella sp., closely related to Bartonella rochalimae, was found in seven pools of Pulex irritans from foxes. This is the first detection of B. alsatica and Bartonella sp. in the Iberian Peninsula. All of these Bartonella species have been implicated as agents of human diseases. The present survey confirms that carnivores are major reservoirs for Bartonella spp.     

巴尔通体脂肪酸分析标准方法的建立

<正>巴尔通体(Bartonella species)是一群革兰氏染色阴性、难于培养的兼性胞内寄生菌,21个种及亚种,其中9种可致人类疾病。20世纪90年代以后,在欧美地区的一些流浪人群中出现了菌血症、心内膜炎,一些艾滋病人群中出现了杆菌性血管瘤等由巴尔通体引发的疾病,被世界卫生组织(WHO)确认为新发传染病,对巴尔通体及其疾病的研究也引起了人们的关注。由于巴尔通体生长缓慢、生化反应不活泼,表型鉴定的方法不能应用于巴尔通体的分类鉴定中,因此多基因序列系统发育分析是鉴定巴尔通体的唯一     

Diversifying selection and concerted evolution of a type IV secretion system in Bartonella

We have studied the evolution of a type IV secretion system (T4SS), in Bartonella, which is thought to have changed function from conjugation to erythrocyte adherence following a recent horizontal gene transfer event. The system, called Trw, is unique among T4SSs in that genes encoding both exo- and intracellular components are located within the same duplicated fragment. This provides an opportunity to study the influence of selection on proteins involved in host-pathogen interactions. We sequenced the trw locus from several strains of Bartonella henselae and investigated its evolutionary history by comparisons to other Bartonella species. Several instances of recombination and gene conversion events where detected in the 2- to 5-fold duplicated gene fragments encompassing trwJIH, explaining the homogenization of the anchoring protein TrwI and the divergence of the minor pilus protein TrwJ. A phylogenetic analysis of the 7- to 8-fold duplicated gene coding for the major pilus protein TrwL displayed 2 distinct clades, likely representing a subfunctionalization event. The analyses of the B. henselae strains also identified a recent horizontal transfer event of almost the complete trwL region. We suggest that the switch in function of the T4SS was mediated by the duplication of the genes encoding pilus components and their diversification by combinatorial sequence shuffling within and among genomes. We suggest that the pilus proteins have evolved by diversifying selection to match a divergent set of erythrocyte surface structures, consistent with the trench warfare coevolutionary model.