Stress-shielding induced bone remodeling in cementless shoulder resurfacing arthroplasty: a finite element analysis and in vivo results

Cementless surface replacement arthroplasty (CSRA) of the shoulder was designed to preserve the individual anatomy and humeral bone stock. A matter of concern in resurfacing implants remains the stress shielding and bone remodeling processes. The bone remodeling processes of two different CSRA fixation designs, conical-crown (Epoca RH) and central-stem (Copeland), were studied by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) as well as evaluation of contact radiographs from human CSRA retrievals. FEA included one native humerus model with a normal and one with a reduced bone stock quality. Compressive strains were evaluated before and after virtual CSRA implantation and the results were then compared to the bone remodeling and stress-shielding pattern of eight human CSRA retrievals (Epoca RH n=4 and Copeland n=4). FEA revealed for both bone stock models increased compressive strains at the stem and outer implant rim for both CSRA designs indicating an increased bone formation at those locations. Unloading of the bone was seen for both designs under the central implant shell (conical-crown 50–85%, central-stem 31–93%) indicating high bone resorption. Those effects appeared more pronounced for the reduced than for the normal bone stock model. The assumptions of the FEA were confirmed in the CSRA retrieval analysis which showed bone apposition at the outer implant rim and stems with highly reduced bone stock below the central implant shell. Overall, clear signs of stress shielding were observed for both CSRAs designs in the in vitro FEA and human retrieval analysis. Especially in the central part of both implant designs the bone stock was highly resorbed. The impact of these bone remodeling processes on the clinical outcome as well as long-term stability requires further evaluation.     

Stance and swing phase knee flexion recover at different rates following total knee arthroplasty: An inertial measurement unit study

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the most common joint replacement in the United States. Range of motion (ROM) monitoring includes idealized clinic measures (e.g. goniometry during passive ROM) that may not accurately represent knee function. Accordingly, a novel, portable, inertial measurement unit (IMU) based ROM measurement method was developed, validated, and implemented. Knee flexion was computed via relative motion between two IMUs and validated via optical motion capture (p > 0.05). Prospective analyses of 10 healthy individuals (5M, 50 ± 19 years) and 20 patients undergoing TKA (3 lost to follow up, 10M, 65 ± 6 years) were completed. Controls wore IMUs for 1-week. Patients wore IMUs for 1-week pre-TKA, 6-weeks immediately post-TKA, and 1-week at 1-year post-TKA. Flexion was computed continuously each day (8–12 h). Metrics included daily maximum flexion and flexion during stance/swing phases of gait. Maximum flexion was equal between cohorts at all time points. Contrastingly, patient stance and swing flexion were reduced pre-TKA, yet improved post-TKA. Specifically, patient stance and swing flexion were reduced below control/pre-TKA values during post-TKA week 1. Stance flexion exceeded pre-TKA and equaled control levels after week 2. However, swing flexion only exceeded pre-TKA and equaled control levels at 1-year post-TKA. This novel method improves upon the accuracy/portability of current methods (e.g. goniometry). Interestingly, surgery did not impact maximum ROM, yet improved the ability to flex during gait allowing more efficient and safe ambulation. This is the first study continuously monitoring long-term flexion before/after TKA. The results offer richer information than clinical measures about expected TKA rehabilitation.     

人工关节置换与加压螺钉内固定治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的:探讨人工关节置换与加压螺钉内固定治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法:选取2010年8月至2013年3月我院收治的120例高龄骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折患者,将所有患者随机分为人工置换组和内固定组两组,每组各60例,内固定组采用加压螺钉内固定术治疗,人工置换组采取人工关节置换术治疗,评定两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、下地时间、术后并发症发生率及末次随访时Harris评分优良率。结果:人工置换组手术时间及术中出血量分别为(124.8±16.7)min、(369.2±99.7)ml,明显高于内固定组的(73.5±15.1)min、(78.4±25.6)ml;但人工置换组术后下地时间为(15.3±4.8)d,明显低于内固定组的(40.2±7.5)d;人工置换组与内固定组患者术后并发症的发生率分别为20%、66.7%,人工置换组明显低于内固定组,其中,泌尿系褥疮的组间差异最为显著;末次随访时Harris评分优良率,相比于内固定组的61.67%,人工置换组为78.33%,明显偏高。差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:加压螺钉内固定术和人工关节置换术在治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折方面各有优劣,对于能够耐受人工关节置手术且经济条件好的的老年患者而言,采用人工关节置换术治疗,疗效更佳。     

陈旧性肘关节脱位并骨性强直的治疗研究

目的研究陈旧性肘关节脱位并骨性强直的手术治疗和康复方法。方法采用MeConnell肘后皮肤切口结合Campbell后侧入路显露肘关节及肱三头肌腱延长,肘关节松解复位术,并早期进行康复训练。结果全部患者的伤口均一期愈合,无明显异位骨再生,活动无疼痛,无并发症,短期随访功能恢复良好。结论后入路松解复位术适于陈旧性肘关节后脱位并伸肘位骨性强直未超过12周的病例,结合康复治疗能有效减轻组织反应,促进功能恢复。     

手术时机的选择对股骨颈骨折患者术后髋关节功能的影响

目的：探讨手术时机的选择对股骨颈骨折患者行关节置换术后髋关节功能的影响,为临床骨科手术提供参考。方法：回顾性 分析117 例在我院接受关节置换术的股骨颈骨折患者的临床资料。根据手术时机不同,将患者分为急诊组和择期组,比较两组手 术效果,评价患者术后髋关节功能。结果：急诊组患者的手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间均优于择期手术的患者,差异有统计学 意义（P<0.01）;两组患者术后并发症的发生率无显著差异（P>0.05）;术后1 个月,急诊组患者的Harris 评分高于择期组,差异有统 计学意义（P<0.01）;术后3 个月,两组Harris评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：股骨颈骨折患者行急诊手术不但缩短手术时间、 降低术中出血量,而且术后对患者的髋关节功能影响较小,有利于恢复。     

运用偏振光观测聚乙烯磨屑颗粒诱导人工关节假体无菌性松动

目的:探讨运用偏振光显微镜来观测无菌性松动人工关节假体周围的聚乙烯颗粒分布,评估其在研究磨屑颗粒诱导假体无菌性松动机制及防治措施等实验研究中的可行性。方法:我们用雌性新西兰大白兔建立动物模型,在左侧胫骨髓腔内植入羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)涂层假体。并分别于假体表面和膝关节腔内植入0.5×107超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)颗粒。术后行四环素荧光双标记。膝关节滑膜组织苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色、骨组织改良丽春红染色后分别用普通光镜和偏振光镜观察,未染色的骨组织行荧光显微镜和偏振光镜观察。结果:在聚乙烯颗粒刺激下,膝关节滑膜组织增生明显,骨-假体结合差,假体周围骨小梁稀疏,偏振光显微镜可清晰显示双折光性的聚乙烯颗粒在膝关节分布于滑膜及其深层结缔组织中,在骨-假体间隙间大量充填,阻碍骨-假体整合。结论:运用偏振光显微镜可以清晰而简便地观察滑膜和假体周围的聚乙烯颗粒分布,与传统实验方法相比,更加直观、简便和经济。     

人工关节假体无菌性松动动物模型的快速建立

目的:人工关节置换手术发展至今,取得了非常大的成功,已在临床解决了许多终末期的关节疾患。研究表明,假体无菌性松动的患者,其假体周围处于高骨更新状态。因此骨-假体界面的早期整合对于阻止磨屑颗粒和细胞因子的迁移至关重要,而限制人工关节假体使用寿命的一个主要原因是磨屑颗粒诱导的假体无菌性松动。在本研究中,我们旨在尝试使用107个UHMWPE颗粒快速建立人工关节假体无菌性松动的兔动物模型,以便为进一步探讨假体无菌性松动的机制及防治奠定实验基础。方法:我们用雌性新西兰大白兔建立动物模型,随机均分为实验组和对照组,在两组动物的左侧胫骨髓腔内植入羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)涂层假体。在实验组中,分别于假体表面和膝关节腔内植入0.5×10~7超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)颗粒。结果:同对照组相比,实验组动物的关节内压力更高、骨组织形态学参数更差、假体生物力学固定强度更低,同时,促炎细胞因子和骨更新标志均显著高于对照组。结论:我们使用很少的UHMWPE颗粒成功快速地建立了人工关节假体无菌性松动的兔动物模型,从而为今后人工关节假体无菌性松动的进一步研究奠定了实验基础。     

Validity and reliability of isometric,isokinetic and isoinertial modalities for the assessment of quadriceps muscle strength in patients with total knee arthroplasty

Reliability of isometric, isokinetic and isoinertial modalities for quadriceps strength evaluation, and the relation between quadriceps strength and physical function was investigated in 29 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients, with an average age of 63 years. Isometric maximal voluntary contraction torque, isokinetic peak torque, and isoinertial one-repetition maximum load of the involved and uninvolved quadriceps were evaluated as well as objective (walking parameters) and subjective physical function (WOMAC). Reliability was good and comparable for the isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength outcomes on both sides (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.947–0.966; standard error of measurement range: 5.1–9.3%). Involved quadriceps strength was significantly correlated to walking speed (r range: 0.641–0.710), step length (r range: 0.685–0.820) and WOMAC function (r range: 0.575–0.663), independent from the modality (P < 0.05). Uninvolved quadriceps strength was also significantly correlated to walking speed (r range: 0.413–0.539), step length (r range: 0.514–0.608) and WOMAC function (r range: 0.374–0.554) (P < 0.05), except for WOMAC function/isokinetic peak torque (P > 0.05). In conclusion, isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial modalities ensure valid and reliable assessment of quadriceps muscle strength in TKA patients.     

淫羊藿苷对小鼠骨溶解模型OPG/RANKL基因及其蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究不同剂量的淫羊藿苷对钛颗粒诱导小鼠骨溶解模型中OPG/RANKL基因及其蛋白表达的影响,探讨淫羊藿苷治疗关节置换术后骨溶解的作用机制.方法:取成年BALB/C小鼠40只,随机分为假手术组、阴性对照组、淫羊藿苷低剂量组及高剂量组,每组10只,除假手术组外,其余建立骨溶解模型后,各组按各自药物及剂量给予每日1次灌胃,共8周.停药次日取颅骨组织及外周血,运用real-time PCR及ELISA技术测定OPG/RANKL基因及其蛋白表达情况.结果:与阴性对照组相比,高剂量组OPG基因及蛋白表达显著上升(P＜0.01),RANKL基因及蛋白表达显著下降(P＜0.01);低剂量组无显著差异.结论:淫羊藿苷可以改变OPG/RANKL基因及蛋白表达量从而抑制骨溶解,这可能是淫羊藿苷治疗关节置换术后骨溶解的作用机制之一.     

关节置换术对老年股骨颈骨折的临床应用

目的：观察髋关节置换治疗老年股骨颈骨骨折的效果。方法：对60岁以上老年股骨颈骨折23例施行人工股骨头或全髋关节置换术。结果：经平均2．5年随访,总满意率95．7％。结论：人工股骨头或全髋关节置换术是治疗老年人股骨颈骨折的有效方法,可促使老年人早期活动,提高生活质量。