Predictors of Weight Change in Middle‐aged and Old Men

Objective: Studies on weight change and mortality have yielded inconclusive results. This 10‐year prospective study was undertaken to improve understanding of factors affecting weight change. Research Methods and Procedures: The subjects were 1143 men, aged 36 to 88 years (mean, 53.3 years) at entry. A questionnaire was filled in at entry and at the end of the follow‐up with queries on weight, height, weight at the age of 20, physician‐diagnosed diseases, smoking, alcohol use, dietary habits, leisure physical activity, occupation, present occupational activity, living conditions (living alone or cohabiting), and former athletic status. Further information on morbidity was obtained from selected national registers. Factors predicting weight change during the study were identified by stepwise linear multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean 10‐year weight change was 0.8 (range, ?29 to +24) kg. Age at entry (β‐coefficient, ?0.17, SE 0.02), weight at entry (β, ?0.03, SE 0.01), diabetes at entry (β, ?3.55, SE 1.02), diabetes diagnosed after entry (β, ?3.94, SE 0.96), malignant cancer (β, ?1.60, SE 0.70), being a smoker (β, ?1.59, SE 0.48), and increased physical activity (β, ?1.27, SE 0.54) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with weight loss in the final model. The model explained 13% of the variance of weight change. Discussion: The results emphasize the complexity of weight change. Some factors associated with weight change are apparently negatively, and some positively, associated with health. This could explain the equivocal findings on weight change and mortality in the literature.     

l-Arginine supplementation improves rats’ antioxidant system and exercise performance

Reactive species have great importance in sports performance, once they can directly regulate energy production, muscular contraction, inflammation, and fatigue. Therefore, the redox control is essential for athletes’ performance. Studies demonstrated that l-arginine has an important role in the synthesis of urea, cell growth and production of nitric oxide, moreover, there are indications that it is also able to induce benefits to muscle antioxidant system through the upregulation of some antioxidant enzymes, and by inhibiting some pathways of reactive species production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of l-arginine supplementation on performance and oxidative stress of male rats (trained or not), submitted to a single session of high intensity exercise. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, control (C), control+l-arginine (C?+?A), trained (T), and trained+l-arginine (T?+?A). The aerobic training was conducted for 8 weeks. Data of maximum speed and time from tests were used as indicators of performance. Variables related to oxidative stress and antioxidant system were also evaluated. Aerobic training was capable to induce enhancements on animals’ exercise performance and on their redox state. Additionally, supplementation improved rats’ physical performance on both groups, control and trained. Different improvements between groups on the antioxidant capacity were observed. Nevertheless, considering the ergogenic effect of l-arginine and the lack of all positive adaptations promoted by the exercise training, untrained animals may be more exposed to oxidative damages after the practice of intense exercises.     

Stoichiometry of aerobic mineralization (O/C) of aquatic macrophytes leachate from a tropical lagoon (São Paulo –Brazil)

The temporal variation of stoichiometry between consumed oxygen and oxidized carbon was investigated for the aerobic mineralization of leachates from aquatic macrophytes. Seven species of aquatic plants, viz. Cabomba piauhyensis, Cyperus giganteus, Egeria najas, Eichhornia azurea, Salvinia auriculata, Scirpus cubensisand Utricularia breviscapa, were collected from Òleo lagoon located in the floodplain of Mogi-Guacu river (São Paulo State, Brazil). After being collected, the plants were washed, oven-dried and triturated. In order to obtain the leachate, the fragments were submitted to an aqueous extraction (cold). Mineralization chambers were incubated at 20 °C containing leachates dissolved in water samples from Òleo lagoon to a final concentration of ca. 200 mg l^–1on carbon basis. The chambers were maintained under aerobic conditions; the concentrations of the organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) and the dissolved oxygen were measured during approximately 80 days. Elemental analysis of the detritus and the concentrations of the remaining material (DOC and POC) were used to determine the amounts of mineralized organic carbon. The data were analyzed with first-order kinetics models, from which the daily rates of consumption (carbon and oxygen) and the stoichiometry (O/C) were determined. In the early phase of mineralization the O/C rates increased before reaching a maximum, after which they tended to decrease. For the mineralization of leachates from C. giganteus, S. auriculata and U. breviscapa, the decrease was relatively slow. For all substrata the initial values were smaller than 1, and ranged from 0.42 (S. cubensis) to 0.81 (C. piauhyensis). The maximum values were within the range from 0.58 (U. breviscapa) to 23.1 (E. najas) and at their highest 26th (C. piauhyensis) and 106th (C. giganteus) days. These variations are believed to be associated with the chemical composition of the leachates, with their transformations and alterations of metabolic pathways involved in the mineralization.     

Increased demand for NAD+ relative to ATP drives aerobic glycolysis

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Gut Microbiome Fermentation Determines the Efficacy of Exercise for Diabetes Prevention

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三康胶囊对高原移居青年PWC170的影响

目的探讨在高原服用三康胶囊对移居青年体力作业效率的影响.方法对进驻海拔3700 ml年的10名青年在服药前和服药15 d后分别用EGM-II型踏车功量计做坐位蹯车运动,初始负荷功率为50W,每3min递增50W,以60 r/min连续踏车至200w 3 min后终止.用直线回归法计算每位受试者的PWC170.结果服药前PWCl70为(234.63±16.68)W,服药后PWC170为(258.66±16.85)W,服药后较服药前PWG170明显增高,差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论服用三康胶囊能明显提高高原移居青年的心功能及做功效率.     

Electromyogram as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during incremental exercise

This study analysed the changes in the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) during an incremental maximal oxygen uptake test on a treadmill. A breakpoint in the integrated electromyogram (iEMG)-velocity relationship has already been interpreted in two ways: either as a sign of neuromuscular fatigue or as an expression of the iEMG-velocity relationship characteristics. The aim of this study was to test a method of distinguishing fatigue effects from those due to increases in exercise power. Eight well-trained male runners took part in the study. They completed a running protocol consisting of 4-min stages of increments in power output. Between each stage (about 15 s after the start of a minute at rest), the subjects had to maintain a standard effort: a 10-s isometric leg extension contraction [50% isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC)]. The EMG was recorded during the running and isometric protocols, a change in the EMG signal during the isometric exercise being considered as the sign of fatigue. The iEMG-velocity relationships were strongly fitted by a second-order polynomial function for data taken at both the start (r = 0.98) and the end (r = 0.98) of the stage. Based on the stability of the 50%IMVC-iEMG relationship noted between stages, the start-iEMG has been identified as expressing the iEMG-velocity relationship without fatigue. The stage after which end-iEMG increased significantly more steeply than start-iEMG was considered as the iEMG threshold and was simultaneous with the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide threshold. The parallel changes of minute ventilation and iEMG would suggest the existence of common regulation stimuli linked either to effort intensity and/or to metabolic conditions. The fall in intracellular [K⁺] has been discussed as being one of the main factors in regulating ventilation. Accepted: 16 December 1997     

孕期规律运动与妊娠期糖代谢异常关系的研究

目的探讨不同方式干预孕期运动与妊娠期糖代谢异常的关系及对妊娠结局的影响。方法将300例孕14周单胎孕妇按阶段分为两组各150例,干预组对孕妇进行评估,建立孕妇档案,孕期通过个体化运动干预,给予孕妇个体化、具体的适度运动处方及给予督导规律运动;对照组采用传统的产前检查及常规护理。观察比较两组孕妇血糖变化、体重增长及妊娠结局。结果干预组空腹,餐后2h血糖值,妊娠末期体重,发生糖代谢异常,早产儿、新生儿窒息、巨大儿以及剖宫产率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过个体化护理对孕期运动进行干预,有效控制血糖值,降低母婴并发症的发生。