On the diploidization mechanism of the genus Aegilops: meiotic behaviour of interspecific hybrids

Chromosomal pairing of the three diploid hybrids Aegilops uniaristata × Ae. tauschii (ND), Ae. umbellulata × Ae. tauschii (UD) and Ae. comosa × Ae. uniaristata (MN), and a triploid hybrid Ae. cylindrica × Ae. caudata (DCC), was analyzed by electron microscopy in surface-spread-prophase-I nuclei and compared with light-microscopic observations of metaphase-I cells after C-banding and fluorescence in situhybridization. All hybrids showed extensive synapsis and complex multivalents in which up to 14 chromosomes were involved. In the diploid hybrids most metaphase-I chromosomal associations were between homoeologs, their frequencies being dependent on the relationship between the donor genomes. Despite the different overall bound-arm frequencies displayed by ND and MN hybrids at metaphase-I, chromosomes bearing rDNA sequences showed similar mean cell chromosomal association frequencies. In the triploid hybrid preferential associations involving C genomes were predominant. These observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism of diploidization showed by allotetraploid Aegilops species. Received: 13 January 1999 / Accepted: 12 March 1999     

Identification and Mapping of Two New Genes Conferring Resistance to Powdery Mildew from Aegilops tauschii （Coss,） Schmal

Two powdery mildew resistance genes were Identified from Aegilops tauschll accessions Y201 and Y212 and mapped using two different F2 populations derived from the crosses between susceptible accession Y2272 and Y201, and susceptible accession Y2263 and Y212. Genetic analysis of resistance to powdery mildew Indicated that the resistance of Y201 was controlled by a single dominant gene, whereas the resistance of Y212 was controlled by a single recessive gene. We have temporarily designated these genes as PmY201 and PmY212, respectively. By bulk segregation analysis, six mlcrosatelllte markers Including Xgwm174, cfd26, cfd57, cfdl02, Xgwm583 and Xgwm639 were found to be linked to PraY201 with genetic distances of 5.2, 7.7, 9.6, 12.5, 20.2 and 22.1 cM, respectively. Five SSR markers, including cfd57, Xgwm182, cfd7, cfd102, and cfd12, were found to be linked to PmY212 with distances of 5.6, 7.2, 11.5, 14.7, and 18.5 cM, respectively. According to the locations of the linked markers, the two resistance genes were located In the 5DL region. Based on the chromosomal locations and the resistance patterns of the two genes, we propose that PmY201 and PmY212 are two novel powdery mildew resistance genes, and are suitable for marker-assisted selection.     

Aegilops (Poaceae) in Italy: taxonomy,geographical distribution,ecology, vulnerability and conservation

ABSTRACT

Aegilops L. includes wild species from which, over millennia, man has cultivated forms of Triticum L. Ten species of Aegilops occur in Italy. Three species are allochthonous and eight out of ten species are recorded in the Apulia region. Five out of the ten species have been included in Red Lists. Each taxon is presented and discussed, citing old and new sites of occurrence, by examining specimens from many different herbaria, and describing their ecology and habitats, according to the Directive 92/43 EEC. A new taxonomic key, for the identification of all Aegilops species growing in Italy, is provided. The occurrence of Aegilops caudata L., A. peregrina (Hack. in J. Fraser) Maire & Weiller and A. speltoides Tausch in Italy is doubtful.     

PCR-based RFLP analysis of an intergenic spacer region in cpDNA of some wild wheat species

Wheat is one of the basic food materials for humans and other animals. Continuing studies into breeding new species, which are suitable for agriculture, are based on the contention that the restricting factors are the effects of the nuclear genes. Such focusing of studies on the nuclear genome leads to restriction on the information on organelle DNAs, although cytoplasmic genetic factors are effective on the morphological, physiological and reproductive features of plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) has become a powerful tool for studying phylogenetic relationships. In this study, seven wheat species, belonging to Aegilops and Triticum , were studied. An intergenic spacer region of cpDNA was digested by six different restriction endonuclease enzymes, and fragments so obtained were investigated using the agarose gel electrophoresis technique. Discussion on the phylogenetic relationships among Triticum and Aegilops species is based on the resultant data.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 305–310.     

普通小麦远缘杂交F1代表现型研究

小麦远缘杂交试验采用常规杂交方法,不进行胚培养,在自然条件下,实现了普通小麦与小黑麦(6X,AABBRR)、柱穗山羊草(2X,DD)、人工合成六倍体小麦(6X,AABBDD)、CIMMYT人工合成小麦(6X,AABBDD)的杂交.发现在F1代中,出现了2～7种植株表现型、7种性状分离现象;小麦颖壳颜色变化可能受多个加性基因控制;杂交F2代结实率较F1代有数倍或十余倍的增长.     

小伞山羊草高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及其基因的鉴定

运用SDS_PAGE和分子克隆技术 ,对小伞山羊草 (Aegilopsumbellulata ,UU ,2n =2x =14)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (1Ux ,1Uy)及其编码基因进行了鉴定。SDS_PAGE分析表明小伞山羊草不同基因型中的 1Ux的电泳迁移率接近或慢于普通小麦 1Dx2 .2亚基的电泳迁移率 ,1Uy亚基的电泳迁移率一般接近或慢于普通小麦的 1Dy类亚基。采用PCR扩增技术获得了 1Ux和 1Uy亚基编码基因的全长编码区 ,并对一个 1Uy基因的全长编码区进行了全序列测定。对推导的氨基酸序列进行比较发现 1Ux和 1Uy亚基具有与来自于其他物种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基一致的一级结构 ,聚类分析显示 1Ux和 1Uy亚基与D基因组编码的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基在起源和进化上具有较高的相似性。     

Comparative genetic analysis of the Aegilops longissima and Ae. sharonensis genomes with common wheat

Aegilops longissima Schw. et Musch. (2n= 2x=14, S^lS^l) and Aegilops sharonensis Eig. (2n=2x=14, S^lS^l) are diploid species belonging to the section Sitopsis in the tribe Triticeae and potential donors of useful genes for wheat breeding. A comparative genetic map was constructed of the Ae. longissima genome, using RFLP probes with known location in wheat. A high degree of conserved colinearity was observed between the wild diploid and basic wheat genome, represented by the D genome of cultivated wheat. Chromosomes 1S^l, 2S^l, 3S^l, 5S^l and 6S^l are colinear with wheat chromosomes 1D, 2D, 3D, 5D and 6D, respectively. The analysis confirmed that chromosomes 4S^l and 7S^l are translocated relative to wheat. The short arms and major part of the long arms are homoeologous to most of wheat chromosomes 4D and 7D respectively, but the region corresponding to the distal segment of 7D was translocated from 7S^lL to the distal region of 4S^lL. The map and RFLP markers were then used to analyse the genomes and added chromosomes in a set of ’Chinese Spring’ (CS)/Ae. longissima chromosome additions. The study confirmed the availability of disomic CS/Ae. longissima addition lines for chromosomes 1S^l, 2S^l, 3S^l, 4S^l and 5S^l. An as yet unpublished set of Ae. sharonensis chromosome addition lines were also available for analysis. Due to the gametocidal nature of Ae. sharonensis chromosomes 2S^l and 4S^l, additions 1S^l, 3S^l, 5S^l, 6S^l and 7S^l were produced in a (4D)4S^l background, and 2S^l and 4S^l in a euploid wheat background. The analysis also confirmed that the 4/7 translocation found in Ae. longissima was not present in Ae. sharonensis although the two wild relatives of wheat are considered to be closely related. The phenotypes of the Ae. sharonensis addition lines are described in an Appendix. Received: 28 September 2000 / Accepted: 19 January 2001     

Transferability of wheat microsatellites to diploid Triticeae species carrying the A, B and D genomes

Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L em Thell) is derived from a complex hybridization procedure involving three diploid species carrying the A, B and D genomes. In this study, we evaluated the ability of microsatellite sequences from T. aestivum to be revealed on different ancestral diploid species more or less closely related, i.e. to test for their transferability. Fifty five primer pairs, evenly distributed all over the genome, were investigated. Forty three of them mapped to single loci on the hexaploid wheat genetic map although only 20 (46%) gave single PCR products; the 23 others (54%) gave more than one band with either only one being polymorphic, the others remaining monomorphic, or with several co-segregating polymorphic bands. The other 12 detected two (9) or three (3) different loci. From the 20 primer pairs which gave one amplification pro- duct on hexaploid wheat, nine (45%) also amplified products on only one of the diploid species, and seven (35%) on more than one. Four microsatellites (20%) which mapped to chromosomes from the B genome of wheat, did not give any amplification signal on any of the diploid species. This suggests that some regions of the B genome have evolved more rapidly compared to the A or D genomes since the emergence of polyploidy, or else that the donor(s) of this B genome has(have) not yet been identified. Our results confirm that Triticum monococcum ssp. urartu and Triticum tauschii were the main donors of the A and D genomes respectively, and that Aegilops speltoides is related to the ancestor(s) of the wheat polyploid B genome. Received: 21 June 2000 / Accepted: 15 November 2000     

Characterisation of high- and low-molecular weight glutenin subunits associated to the D genome of Aegilops tauschii in a collection of synthetic hexaploid wheats

Synthetic hexaploid wheats (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) involving genomes from Triticum turgidum (2n= 4x=28, AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (2n=2x=14, DD) have been produced as a means for introducing desirable characteristics into bread wheat. In the present work we describe the genetic variability present at the Glu-D ^t 1 and Glu-D ^t 3 loci, encoding high- (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits respectively, derived from Ae. tauschii, using electrophoretic and chromatographic methods, in a collection of synthetic hexaploid wheats. A wide variation both in mobility and surface hydrophobicity of HMW glutenin subunits was observed between different accessions of Ae. tauschii used in the production of the synthetic hexaploids. A combination of electrophoretic and chromatographic methods improves the identification of HMW glutenin subunits; in fact subunits with identical apparent mobility were revealed to have a different surface hydrophobicity by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. None of the Dx5^t subunits present in Ae. tauschii showed the presence of the extra cysteine residue found in the HMW glutenin subunit Dx5 of Triticum aestivum, as revealed by selective amplification with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The wide variability and the high number of subunits encoded by the Glu-D ^t 3 locus suggests that Ae. tauschii may be a rich source for enhancing the genetic variability of glutenin subunits in bread wheat and improving bread-making properties. Received: 3 March 2001 / Accepted: 23 March 2001