The reproductive tactics and activity patterns of solitary carnivores: the Iriomote cat

Felids are generally considered to be crepuscular and nocturnal in their activity, but few studies have attempted to analyze the variability of their activity patterns. We studied the daily activity of the Iriomote cat Prionailurus iriomotensis by radio-tracking on Iriomote Island, Japan. The general activity patterns of Iriomote cats showed slightly prevailing activity during dark periods of the day with particular peaks at dawn and dusk or during the early hours of the night. However, these patterns were clearly dependent on the sex and reproductive status of the cat. Peaks of cats’ activity coincided with those of their main prey. On average, the cats were active for thirteen hours per day. During the mating season, the rhythm of activity in males followed that of breeding females, but not that of non-breeding ones. Males exhibited 11% higher total daily activity and longer active bouts during the mating period than in the remainder of the year. Breeding females had additional mid-day activity peak during the nursing period, but their total time of activity per day was 16% lower than in the period of kittens’ independence. Their active bouts were shorter and more frequent during nursing than at other times. These results suggest that lactating females perform frequent movements to and from the den site to care for kittens. During the non-nursing period, females increased their activity, possibly in response to lowered prey abundance and the need of intensive foraging to recover after lactation. Seasonal and sexual variation of activity patterns in the Iriomote cats confirmed the existence of different reproductive strategies of males and females of these solitary carnivores.     

扎龙湿地白鹤春季停歇地昼间行为时间分配及活动规律

在2004年4～5月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对扎龙国家级自然保护区林甸芦苇沼泽区的野生白鹤(Grusleucogeranus)在春季迁徙停歇地的昼间各种行为进行了研究。结果表明,在整个观察时期内白鹤各种行为具有较强的规律性,活动时间分配比例为:觅食31%、游走27%、静栖19%、警戒17%、修饰6%。白鹤觅食行为在一天中有两个高峰,分别为早晨和黄昏;游走行为基本上与觅食行为呈正相变化,并且几乎每个游走高峰及低潮相应地伴随着觅食的高峰和低潮;由于渔民清晨下苇塘收鱼和放牧,在5:30～6:30和6:30～7:30两个时间段警戒行为比例最高;静栖行为基本与游走及觅食行为呈负相关,对比发现,静栖行为比例低于觅食行为,与笼养鹤类的情况存在一定的差异,原因可能是食物丰富度影响了野生状态下行为的时间分配;修饰行为所占比例较小,是由于修饰行为是非主要行为,其发生是随机的。天气状况对白鹤数量变化有一定影响,阴雨和大风天气,白鹤数量明显减少,鹤群转移。与正常天气情况相比,阴雨和大风对白鹤觅食、静栖和游走行为时间分配影响显著(P阴雨=0·000<0·05,P大风=0·000<0·05),觅食时间缩短,游走行为减少,静栖时间变长。     

半散放东北虎行为活动时间的分配

1998年5年－2001年4月在黑龙江东北虎林园，采用焦点动物取样法对10只半散放东北虎（5雌5雄）全年的昼间行为活动时间分配进行了研究。结果表明：（1）半散放东北虎的运动（37．53％）和休息（32．45％）行为较多，站立（6．24％），摄食（10．13％），社会（8．36％）和其他（5．29％，包括饮水，排遗，修饰等）行为较少；（2）不同季节的活动规律相似，运动，摄食，站立和社会行为在上午和下午各有1个高峰期，休息在中午有1个高峰期，运动和行为在存，冬季明显比春，秋季增多。将上述结果与笼养和野生东北虎的进行了比较，并提出了在今后的野化训练中应采取的措施。     

Activity rhythms of the shallow-water octopuses Octopus laqueus and Abdopus aculeatus with special reference to its relation to light and tidal cycles

Patterns of activity and inactivity were experimentally measured for two shallow-water octopuses, Octopus laqueus (n = 8) and Abdopus aculeatus (n = 4), inhabiting the Ryukyu Archipelago. Octopuses that were collected from the coastal waters of Okinawa Island were held in experimental tanks under controlled light conditions (L, light; D, dark; 12L:12D, LD conditions; 12D:12D, DD conditions). Behaviors of these two species were continuously recorded for 9 to 10 days. Under LD conditions, O. laqueus were active for 7 to 14 min during daytime and 298 to 339 min at night, and under DD conditions, for 97 to 140 min during daytime and 71 to 169 min at night. A. aculeatus were active for 49 to 99 min during daytime and 138 to 185 min at night under LD conditions, whereas under DD conditions, they were active for 36 to 56 min during daytime and 55 to 154 min at night. Continuous duration for activity cycles was 39 ± 7.6 h under LD conditions and 42 ± 2.6 h under DD conditions in O. laqueus, and 38 ± 7.4 h under LD conditions and 42 ± 2.8 h under DD conditions in A. aculeatus. Ratios for active duration to inactive duration did not differ between LD condition and DD condition both in O. laqueus and A. aculeatus.     

基于红外相机技术对帚尾豪猪活动节律和时间分配初步观察

2012年8月-2013年7月，采用红外相机技术对广西弄岗国家级自然保护区15hm2森林动态监测样地及其周边区域内的帚尾豪猪（Atherurus macrourus）进行了观察，采用活动强度指数分析其活动节律和时间分配，探讨月相和环境因子对其活动节律和时间分配的影响。结果表明，不同时间段内帚尾豪猪的活动强度存在极显著差异（t=4.666, df=23, P=0.001），活动峰值出现在20:00~21:00和05:00~06:00；夜间主要以移动（63.2%）和觅食（23.6%）为主。帚尾豪猪各月份间的时间分配存在极显著差异（t=8.581, df=11, P=0.001），旱、雨季间的时间分配存在显著差异（Z=-2.166, P=0.03）。各月相间帚尾豪猪出现的频次存在显著差异（χ²=5.00, df=1, P=0.025），以新月期和满月期活动最为频繁，上弦月活动最少。相关性分析表明，活动强度指数与月降雨量、月最高温度及最低温度（R²=0.440，R²=0.435，R²=0. 457）都存在显著的负相关，帚尾豪猪最适的活动温区为10℃~26℃。本研究初步掌握了帚尾豪猪在弄岗保护区的活动节律和时间分配，有助于后期理解栖息地和气候变化对其活动的影响。     

Daily Rhythms Related to Distinct Social Tasks inside an Eusocial Bee Colony

A bee colony is often compared to a multicellular organism, mainly because of its spatial organization. We propose that a temporal organization of equal importance is also present. To support this view, we studied the reproductive processes of two closely related species of stingless bees. Stingless bees enable observations of daily rhythms that are performed by distinct social classes. The emergent process, POP, is cyclic and consists of the building and provisioning of brood cells by the worker bees and egg‐laying by the queen. Colonies were kept in the laboratory under constant conditions with the exit tube opening to the environment; thus, foragers had direct access to environmental cycles. At a later stage of the experiment, the exit tube was closed by a sieve; in this case, bees had their own stock of food, but the environmental LD cycle could still be detected when they were inside the exit tube. Daily POP rhythms were present and showed distinct temporal patterns in each species. A third condition was imposed on one of the species only: the exit tube was closed by a sieve and maintained inside a box that was provided with constant illumination. In this colony, the POP rhythm was perturbed by the destruction of the brood cells. Restoration of POP consisted of a rapid reconstruction of cells followed by a late oviposition in the same day. As different rhythmic patterns were detected, but showed regular timings with respect to one another, an interpretation based upon the concept of an internal temporal order is suggested.     

投喂时间对奥尼罗非鱼活动水平和活动节律的影响

根据投喂时间不同,将奥尼罗非鱼分为4个实验组(每组9尾),每组每天饱食投喂2次,投喂时间分别为8:00 14:00、14:00 20:00、20:00 2:00和2:00 8:00 (依次用S1、S2、S3和S4表示),并使用Videomex-V影像运动监视系统全天监测奥尼罗非鱼的活动.结果显示,S1和S2组单位体重的摄食量显著低于S3和S4组,S1和S2组无显著差异,S3和S4组也无显著差异;投喂时间对全天游泳距离和游泳时间无显著影响,但对活动节律有明显的影响,S1和S2组的活动节律聚为一类,S3和S4组的活动节律聚为另一类.     

秦岭羚牛中独栖现象的初步观察

在群栖的秦岭羚牛种群中，存在着少数单独活动的羚牛，称为独牛。野外见到独牛５０只次，占见到羚牛总数的４５９％。独牛中有老年雄性个体、青壮年雄性个体、雌性个体、亚成体和幼仔。在繁殖季节独牛出现的次数最多，其中大部分是雄性个体，也有雌性个体。与羚牛的四川亚种不同，在秦岭亚种中很少见到公牛集群的现象。羚牛种群中独牛的形成主要与繁殖有关，同时还与疾病及防御迁移有关。独牛在不同季节、不同生境内均可见到，绝大多数老年独牛活动区域的海拔高度低于集群的羚牛活动的高度。老年独牛在离群活动后，其活动节律与群体中的雄牛有一定的差异，这种差异在夜间的活动时间和活动率方面表现得更加明显。     

利用红外相机对广西崇左白头叶猴自然保护区兽类和鸟类资源的初步调查

广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区属于典型的喀斯特地貌，分布着丰富的野生动物资源。为掌握保护区内大中型兽类和林下鸟类资源现状，我们在保护区驮逐片区布设60个红外相机调查位点，于2017年1月至2018年1月开展了连续监测。共收集4848份独立有效相片，经鉴定为16种兽类和29种鸟类，包括2种国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物和9种国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。小泡巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsi）、鼬獾（Melogale moschata）、北树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）、野猪（Sus scrofa）和食蟹獴（Herpestes urva）的相对多度指数分别位于兽类前五位；白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、蓝背八色鸫（Pitta soror）、紫啸鸫（Myophonus caeruleus）以及黑冠鳽（Gorsachius melanolophus）的相对多度指数分别位于鸟类前四位。活动节律分析结果表明小泡巨鼠和鼬獾为夜行性动物，野猪、食蟹獴、白鹇和蓝背八色鸫为昼行性动物。核心区、缓冲区和实验区的物种数和多样性指数均无显著差异。本研究结果初步了解了崇左保护区内大中型兽类及林下鸟类物种组成、相对数量及空间分布，为后期的科研工作及保护管理提供了丰富的基础资料。     

中国大鲵的活动节律及繁殖行为描记

采用定时定点观察法,对仿生态条件下养殖的中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)活动节律及繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明,大鲵活动具有明显的昼夜节律变化,白天隐藏在洞穴中不活动,每天20:30时部分大鲵开始出洞活动,21:00时至次日凌晨1:00时为活动高峰期,1:00时后部分大鲵开始陆续回到洞穴,3:00时后又全部隐藏在洞穴中;大鲵的夜间活动随季节的变化而发生周期性变化,8～9月出洞活动的大鲵数量达到一年之中的最大值。大鲵尤其是雄鲵在繁殖季节表现出明显多样的繁殖行为:①推沙行为;②求偶行为,包括聚集、露头、巡视、追随、尾阴探究、亲吻、邀请和爬跨8种行为型;③冲凉行为;④护卵行为;⑤婚配行为。