Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

Fractogel EMD“触角型”阴离子交换介质用于病毒纯化和去除

Fractogel EMD是合成的聚甲基丙烯酸酯树脂，十几个官能团排布在线形聚合物长链上，称为“触角”，所有的“触角”都是通过共价键结合到聚合物骨架上，生物分子更加容易和“触角型”介质的官能团结合，并且可以大大降低生物分子和介质基质的非特异性相互作用，提高生物分子的回收率。     

美Cetus公司用蓖麻蛋白-单克隆抗体结合体实施用导弹疗法的临床试验

Cetus公司决定使用开发成功的蓖麻蛋白-单克隆抗体复合物,对20名不治之症的乳癌患者进行导弹疗法,将在Fox Chase癌中心实施。 一种对细胞毒力最强的蓖麻蛋白由两个肽链组成。B链具有与细胞结合的作用;A链起抑制核蛋白体的作用,可杀死细胞。     

人参果胶中蛋白质与多糖关系的研究

从人参（Panax ginseng)热水根取物中,分离出两个蛋白多糖级份（PA,PB）,琼脂糖4B凝胶柱层析结果表明,二者均为单一分布峰,通过氨基酸分析,气相色谱分析,β-消去反应,部分酸水解,果胶酶水解,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶圆盘电泳及等电聚焦电泳等生化分析,确定PA,PB均含有苏氨酸与多糖中糖残基以－O－糖甙键相连的共价结合蛋白质;另外PB中尚存在另一种形式蛋白质,其中精氨酸等碱性氨基酸丰富（占PB中蛋白质59．9％）,圆盘电泳结果表明：这部分蛋白质与多糖中的半乳糖醛酸残基靠静电力结合,等电点为9．1。     

我国沙漠中部地区主要不同生态类型植物脯氨酸的累积、光合、呼吸和叶绿素含量

中生植物脯氨酸含量为0．42mg/g.dw, 低于少浆旱生植物（1．73mg/g.dw)。多浆旱生植物脯氨酸含量最高（7．22mg/g.dw),为前两者的17倍和4倍,两类旱生植物在干旱条件下（非灌溉）脯氨酸含量均高于灌水处理。少浆与多浆旱生植物的光合强度（16．74,14．04CO2mg/g.dw.h)差异不大,而中生植物（37．57mg/g.dW.h)略高于多浆旱生植物（4．73CO2Mg/g.dw.h),与中生植物（7.60Co2mg/g.dw.h)接近,光合／呼吸值,少浆,多浆与中生植物分别为2．50,3．09和4．59,说明中生植物的合成明显大于消耗,季节动态中,中生植物显著高于两类旱生植物,叶绿素总量三类植物差异甚微。     

电离辐射后大鼠离体胰腺腺泡淀粉酶释放及M受体数量变化

我们曾观察到大鼠经γ-射线照射后胰淀粉酶活性降低和分泌减少[1],为进一步探讨照射后胰酶分泌减少的机制,本研究制备出分散的大鼠胰腺腺泡悬液并以不同浓度的~3H-二苯羟乙酸-3-喹咛环酯(~3Hquinuclidinyll benzilatc,简称~3H-QNB)进行M受体结合测定,同时观察胆碱能介质氨甲酰胆碱刺激腺泡所引起的淀粉酶释放反应。结果表明,γ-射线10Gy照射后3天,大鼠分散的胰腺腺泡在氨甲酰胆碱刺激时淀粉酶释放量减少到对照的50％,腺泡M受体与~3H-QNB最大结合量(Bmax)减少到对照的38％,伋M受体与~3H-QNB结合的解离常数(K_D)无改变,说明胰腺腺泡细胞M受体数量的减少可能是照射后胰腺腺泡分泌淀粉酶减少的原因之一。