Biomass estimation models and allocation patterns of 14 shrub species in Mountain Luya,Shanxi, China

Aims Shrub species have evolved specific strategies to regulate biomass allocation among various organs or between above- and belowground biomass and shrub biomass model is an important approach to estimate biomass allocation among different shrub species. This study was designed to establish the optimal estimation models for each organ (leaf, stem, and root), aboveground and total biomass of 14 common shrub species in Mountain Luya, Shanxi Province, China. Furthermore, we explored biomass allocation characteristics of these shrub species by using the index of leaf biomass fraction (leaf to total biomass), stem biomass fraction (stem to total biomass), root biomass fraction (root to total biomass), and root to shoot mass ratio (R/S) (belowground to aboveground biomass).
Methods We used plant height, basal diameter, canopy diameter and their combination as variables to establish the optimal biomass estimation models for each shrub species. In addition, we used the ratios of leaf, stem, root to total biomass, and belowground to aboveground biomass to explore the difference of biomass allocation patterns of 14 shrub species.
Important findings Most of biomass estimation models could be well expressed by the exponential and linear functions. Biomass for shorter shrub species with more stems could be better estimated by canopy area; biomass for taller shrub species with less stems could be better estimated by the sum of the square of total base diameter multiply stem height; and biomass for the rest shrub species could be better estimated by canopy volume. The averaged value for these shrub species was 0.61, 0.17, 0.48, and 0.35 for R/S, leaf biomass fraction, stem biomass fraction, and root biomass fraction, respectively. Except for leaf biomass fraction, R/S, stem biomass fraction, and root biomass fraction for shrubs with thorn was significantly greater than that for shrubs without thorn.     

东北山地灌木沼泽植物铜、锌分布特征及季节动态

研究了东北山地灌木沼泽主要植物--细叶沼柳、五蕊柳、丛苔草和修氏苔草中Cu、Zn分布、积累及其季节动态.结果表明:Cu含量变动范围为6～12 mg·kg-1,细叶沼柳和五蕊柳各器官Cu含量为根》枝》叶;丛苔草和修氏苔草为茎》叶》根,Cu主要积累在灌木的根系和苔草的茎叶中,灌木和苔草中Cu含量相差较小.Zn含量变动在30～250 mg·kg-1之间,细叶沼柳和五蕊柳各器官Zn含量为叶》枝》根,尤其是叶和枝中都在150 mg·kg-1以上;丛苔草和修氏苔草各器官Zn含量为根》茎》叶.Zn多积累在灌木的叶和苔草的根中,且灌木各器官Zn含量明显高于苔草.细叶沼柳和五蕊柳各器官对Zn的富集系数均大于1.45,显示出较强的Zn富集能力.4种供试植物在生长初期地上部分Cu、Zn含量较高,且随着季节变化呈波动式降低趋势,而根中则表现出生长初期和末期Cu、Zn含量较高的特点.     

西双版纳热带雨林中花外蜜腺植物的初步调查

为了解西双版纳热带雨林中花外蜜腺植物分布规律,作者在西双版纳自然保护区勐腊县境内调查了7个(3个原始雨林,4个不同林龄的次生林)森林群落中的花外蜜腺植物.7个群落中共有424种被子植物,发现花外蜜腺植物52种(占12.3%).大部分花外蜜腺植物隶属于五桠果亚纲(Dillenidae)、蔷薇亚纲(Rosidae)和菊亚纲(Asteridae);扁平型的花外蜜腺最常见,叶片是花外蜜腺的主要着生部位.7个群落中的花外蜜腺植物种类丰富度版纳青梅原始林中最低(9.8%),5年生中平树林中最高(18.5%),次生林比原始林中花外蜜腺植物更丰富.不同生长型中花外蜜腺植物种类丰富度依次为乔木灌木>藤本>草本,未发现附生植物和寄生植物有花外蜜腺.     

Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of China shrubland net primary production and its response to climate change from 2001 to 2013

Aims Net primary production (NPP) is the input to terrestrial ecosystem carbon pool. Climate and land use change affect NPP significantly. Shrublands occupy more than 20% of the terrestrial area of China, and their NPP is comparable to those of the forests. Our objective was to estimate China shrubland NPP from 2001 to 2013, and to analyze its variation and response to climate change.Methods We used a Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model to estimate the NPP of six shrubland types in China from 2001 to 2013. Furthermore, we used Theil-Sen slope combined with Mann-kendall test to analyze its spatial variation and a linear regression of one-variable model to analyze its inter- and intra-annual variation. Finally, a multi-factor linear regression model was used to analyze its response to climate change.Important findings We found the annual mean NPP of China shrubland was 281.82 g•m^-2•a^-1. The subtropical evergreen shrubland has the maximum NPP of 420.47 g•m^-2•a^-1, while the high cold desert shrubland has the minimum NPP of 52.65 g•m^-2•a^-1. The countrywide shrublands NPP increased at the rate of 1.23 g•m^-2•a^-1, the relative change rate was 5.99%. The temperate deciduous shrubland NPP increased the fastest with a speed of 3.05 g•m^-2•a^-1 and subalpine evergreen shrubland had a decreasing trend with a speed of -0.73 g•m^-2•a^-1. Moreover, the other four shrublands NPP had a growing trend, only subalpine deciduous shrubland NPP did not change significantly. The response of NPP to climate change of different seasons varies to different shrubland types. In general, the NPP variation was mainly affected by precipitation, and the spring warming also contributed to it. The increase of countrywide shrubland NPP may promote its contribution to the regional ecosystem function.     

封面植物简介--绵刺

绵刺（Potaninia mongolica Maxim．）隶属于蔷薇科绵刺属,只含有绵刺1种。它以花萼3、副萼3、花瓣3、雄蕊3等性状而区别于蔷薇科任何其它属的植物,有“三瓣蔷薇”之美称。其茎多分枝,具宿存、坚硬而成刺状的老叶柄;叶为三出复叶;小叶革质,顶生小叶3全裂,裂片与侧生小叶同形,全缘,两面具长绢毛;叶柄短、坚硬,宿存;托叶膜质,贴生于叶柄。花单生叶腋,花瓣白色或浅粉红色;雄蕊短于花瓣;子房上位,长卵圆形,密生绢毛,花柱基生。瘦果长圆形,淡黄色,为宿存萼筒所包被。绵刺为强旱生小灌木植物,主要生长于具有薄层覆沙的沙砾质荒漠、山前洪积扇和山问谷地,常形成绵刺群落,是沙砾质荒漠的建群种。     

宁夏10种观赏灌木叶片解剖结构及其抗旱性综合评价

采用显微制片技术,对宁夏10种主要灌木树种叶片的解剖结构进行了观察,分别测定了叶片厚度、上下角质层厚度、栅栏组织、海绵组织、气孔密度等15个与抗旱性相关的指标,并对15个指标进行主成分分析,用隶属函数法对10种灌木的抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:10种灌木的叶片具有典型的旱生结构,大多数具有表皮毛,且具有明显的角质层结构;上、下表皮细胞及叶肉细胞排列紧密。15个指标在各灌木树种间的差异均极显著,其中叶片厚度、上角质层、栅栏组织厚度、气孔密度和主脉维管束直径为叶片旱性结构的主要因子。通过5个主要因子的综合评价,10种灌木的抗旱性大小顺序依次为:沙冬青>花棒>蒙古莸>金叶莸>互叶醉鱼草>蒙古扁桃>鞑靼忍冬>葱皮忍冬>金花忍冬>台尔曼忍冬。     

滇南喀斯特地区灌木群落和人工林土壤元素化学计量特征

在云南喀斯特地区,为提升退化灌木群落的生态系统服务功能,营造了不同树种的人工林分。这些人工林分如何影响土壤化学性质还未得到充分认识。以云南泸西县灌木群落及三种常见人工林(云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)、赤杨(Alnus japonica)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis))土壤为研究对象探讨喀斯特地区在人工林建造后土壤的13种元素全量、可利用性含量和化学计量学特征变异格局,为喀斯特石漠化治理提供理论依据。结果表明,1)基于判别分析,四种群落土壤化学计量特征可以显著区分。土壤Fe、P、K、Mn全量及交换性Ca、交换性Mg和NH_4~+-N对区分四种群落土壤贡献最大。2)四种群落之间相比,侧柏林土壤C、N、S、Na全量和NO_3~--N含量均低于其他三种群落,土壤肥力较低;赤杨林铵态氮含量最高;云南松林有效Fe、有效Cu含量/N、C素具有显著相关性,占所有元素对数的38.5%,说明该地土壤元素积累的相互依赖性。与灌木群落相比,人工林土壤元素全量和可利用性含量相关性比例均更高。这些研究结果对今后基于适地适树人工林营造、生态系统服务功能提升和经营利用,均具有重要指导意义。     

科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木叶片氮磷化学计量内稳性

为科学认识科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木的生态适应性和固沙植被演变规律, 该研究对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和丘间低地的优势固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和盐蒿(Artemisia halodendron)进行野外调查, 研究了这两种固沙灌木的叶片氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征、灌丛土壤养分状况以及内稳性特征。结果表明: 1)与盐蒿相比, 灌木小叶锦鸡儿具有较高的叶片N含量及N:P, 而P含量仅为盐蒿的1/2; 2)两种优势固沙灌木灌丛下土壤的全N、全P含量及速效N、速效P含量高于该地区土壤的平均水平, 小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤养分含量显著高于盐蒿灌丛下土壤; 3)盐蒿叶片N、P化学计量内稳性指数(H)表现为H_P > H_N:P > H_N, 说明盐蒿更易受土壤N的限制; 小叶锦鸡儿叶片N、P化学计量内稳性指数表现为H_N:P > H_N > H_P, 意味着小叶锦鸡儿更易受土壤P的限制。在N含量较低的沙化草地, H_N较高的固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿比盐蒿更具生长优势, 对于该地区生态恢复及保护具有不可替代的作用。然而, 小叶锦鸡儿额外吸收的N, 使其生长过程可能易受P的限制, 因此在沙地恢复过程中应注意土壤P的供应。     

天山林区雪岭云杉和异果小檗夏季水分来源

天山雪岭云杉针叶林内乔灌木水分利用模式尚不明确,水分利用动态缺乏定量分析。本研究对雪岭云杉和伴生灌木异果小檗茎杆木质部水及各潜在水源的氢氧稳定同位素组成进行测定,运用IsoSource模型定量分析两树种夏季对各潜在水源的相对利用比例。结果表明: 7月,土壤含水量充足时,雪岭云杉和异果小檗主要吸收利用60 cm以上土壤水,相对利用比例分别为73.8%和63.2%。8月,土壤含水量相对较低时,雪岭云杉水分来源保持稳定,对60 cm以上土壤水的相对利用比例为69.5%;异果小檗则转换至利用更深层的水源,对0～20 cm浅层土壤水的相对利用比例降至14.3%,主要吸收利用中层(20～60 cm)和深层(60～100 cm)土壤水,相对利用比例为67.7%。9月,随着0～20 cm浅层土壤含水量升高,两树种恢复对浅层土壤水的吸收利用,相对利用比例达95.0%。综上,雪岭云杉表现出典型的浅根系特征,其吸收利用的水源主要来自浅层土壤水;异果小檗则能够在0～100 cm的土壤各层吸收利用水分,同时随土壤含水量的变化灵活转换其水源,从而应对环境水分变异。     

古尔班通古特沙漠固定沙丘上白梭梭和梭梭的空间分布及种间关联性

为了探讨沙漠中固沙灌木种群共存和演替机制, 本文基于古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘固定沙丘上白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)和梭梭(H. ammodendron)种群的地理位置和生长发育阶段信息(幼株、营养株、生殖株和死株), 采用点格局分析方法(g(r)函数)及Monte-Carlo随机模拟检验和零模型选取的方法, 分析了固沙灌木白梭梭和梭梭种群不同生长发育阶段在0-20 m尺度内的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明: (1)两个种群在研究尺度范围内呈聚集分布, 随着尺度的增大, 其聚集强度逐渐减弱; (2)两个种群整体上呈负关联关系, 尺度越大负关联关系越显著; (3)白梭梭种群生长发育阶段相差越大, 个体间正关联关系越显著; 梭梭种群生长发育阶段越接近, 个体间正关联关系越显著; (4)两个种群中龄级较大的个体(如营养株、生殖株和死株)会对对方种群中龄级较小的幼株产生一定的抑制作用; 同时, 随着两个种群中个体的成长, 双方受到的抑制作用逐渐减弱, 主要表现为正关联和无关联。总体而言, 古尔班通古特沙漠固定沙丘白梭梭和梭梭种群的分布格局整体上为聚集分布, 随龄级增加聚集性减弱, 受生境异质性和扩散限制的影响明显。种间关系多为负相关, 种内不同生长发育阶段之间均为正关联关系。