Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

“试管家畜”生产技术及其应用前景

本文简要地介绍了什么是“试管家畜”以及生产“试管家畜”的主要技术过程:卵子的回收及卵子的成熟培养;精子的采集及体外获能处理;卵子和精子的体外受精;受精卵的体外发育;“试管胚”的移植等,并对这项生产技术的科学价值和应用前景作了概述和展望。     

多年生黑麦草草地生态系统中放牧强度对草地结构及组织转化的影响

研究了放牧强度对多年生黑麦草人工草地蘖的形态、密度、草地生产率及组织转化的影响。结果表明,重牧条件下蘖密度大于轻牧,而轻牧的单株蘖重大于重牧。重牧划地净生产率大于轻牧,主要是由于轻和手条件下,草地的高的生长率被更高的枯死率所抵消。春夏之交,采用灵活的管理措施,转换放牧强度可以提高草地的生产率。     

发育工程与家畜改良

二十世纪七十年代后胚胎移植几乎引起一场家畜繁殖技术的革命,并波及到胚胎学、发育生物学、免疫学、遗传学等基础学科。随之产生了一些新尖的技术与之相互配合,形成了熔各种知识和技术手段于一炉,瞄准应用的研究领域——发育工程。本文集中讨论胚胎移植、冷冻、性别鉴定、卵母细胞体外受精、受精卵核移植和嵌合体及转基因动物制作等发育工程技术的兴起及其对家畜遗传改良所产生的积极影响。     

放牧影响下羊草草原和大针茅草原植物多样性的变化

牧压梯度上羊草草原和大针茅草原植物多样性的研究表明：随着放牧强度的增加,群落的植物种度降低,但其均匀度和多样性在中度放牧的群落中最高。牧压梯度上草原群落的植物多样性变化决定于群藻中种间竞争排斥和放牧对不同植物的抑制或促进,而群落的层片结构是这两种作用的综合反映,表征着群落内生态位分化程度的高低,决定了群落的物种多样性。中度的放牧削弱了建群植物层片的竞争排斥,又不抑制其它层片的发育,是群落具有较高植     

科尔沁沙质草甸草场不同牧压条件植物群落分异数量分析

本文用ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ分类和ＰＣＡ及ＤＣＡ排序技术分析了沙质草甸草场放牧试验引起地植物群落分异的特征,主要结论为：放牧强度是引起群落分异的主要原因,群落的分异主要表现在高度和现存生物量上。放牧引起群落变化的动力主要是放牧强度。而无牧条件下群落变化的主要动力是植物间的相互作用。当地的放牧强度处于中牧与重牧之间,属于过度放牧。这是引起草场退化及沙漠化的主要原因之一。     

广西部分地区土壤侵蚀及防治对策

<正> 土壤侵蚀是由于人类不合理的经济活动引起的生态平衡失调,水、土、肥流失,生产力减低,从而威胁人民生产、生活的现象。它不仅会造成水土流失地区本身受害,而且会使江河中的流水暴涨暴落,流水中泥沙含量增加,淤塞水库、湖泊、旱涝成灾,影响灌溉、发电、通航,危害农业、工业、交通,甚至危及人民生命财产安全。     

祁连山高寒草原主要植物种群格局对冬季放牧的响应

以肃南裕固族自治县鹿场冬季牧场为研究对象,采用偏离系数及t检验方法结合Ripley''s K函数及蒙特卡罗随机模拟对紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群进行格局分析,进一步采用计盒维数与信息维数对紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群进行分形分析,揭示在放牧系统中优势植物的种群变化。格局分析结果表明：牧场植物的种群格局出现5种变化规律。紫花针茅种群的偏离系数在放牧率3.64 AUM/hm²时^#,出现最小值。醉马草种群的偏离系数在放牧率4.16AUM/hm²时,出现最大值。在0-1 m的研究尺度内,紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群的Ripley''s K函数结果均在蒙特卡洛随机模拟区间内,呈随机分布格局。分形分析结果表明：伴随放牧率增大,紫花针茅种群的计盒维数区间为[1.596,1.962],醉马草种群的计盒维数区间为[1.831,1.945];紫花针茅种群的信息维数区间为[1.590,1.899],醉马草种群的信息维数区间为[1.633,1.913]。在放牧率4.34 AUM/hm²时,紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群空间占据差值达到最大,信息维数相对较低,种群分布相对均匀,格局变化相对缓慢,经济效益与生态效益相平衡,最适合管理牧场。     

不同放牧制度下呼伦湖流域草原植被冠层截留

冠层截留是降雨过程中的水量分配和流域水平衡的一个重要组成部分,通过水浸泡法和降雨模拟实验研究呼伦湖流域草原3种放牧制度下(休牧、轮牧、自由放牧(超载放牧))植被冠层截留量的变化规律,并利用遥感解译植被归一化指数(NDVI),确定3种放牧制度下草原面积,估算呼伦湖流域草原降雨截留量。研究表明:在休牧、轮牧、自由放牧3种制度下,水浸泡法测定的截留量分别是0.468、0.320、0.271 mm。降雨模拟实验法测得的结果分别是0.957、0.613、0.431 mm。休牧、轮牧、自由放牧草场叶面积指数、盖度、容重、生物量等指标差异显著(P0.05),且单株植被高度、鲜重对截留量影响显著呈线性正相关关系。呼伦湖流域草原一次降雨量为大于等于30 mm全流域降雨,其植被截留量为6.462×106m3。