药用植物蛇足石杉研究新进展

蛇足石杉[Huperzia serrata（Thunb．）Trey．]是石杉科石杉属多年生小型草本植物，土生、附生或生于苔藓层中，喜阴凉潮湿环境。蛇足石杉含石杉碱甲，为目前治疗老年痴呆等疾病的特效药。对蛇足石杉的分类学、生物学特性（形态学、生态学、生理学与共生真菌研究）、繁殖与栽培、药用成分及含量测定等方面的研究新进展进行综述。并对其应用与保护前景进行展望。     

香溪河水系附石藻类的时空动态

香溪河系长江三峡水库湖北库区内第一大支流.对香溪河2005年7月—2006年6月干流及主要支流上12个样点的附石藻类进行调查，共观察到藻类218种，其中硅藻183种、绿藻24种、蓝藻10种、黄藻1种，硅藻门的线形曲壳藻为绝对优势种.其物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数时空动态差异显著（或接近显著），总平均值分别为32和154.附石藻类密度和叶绿素a含量年总平均值分别为8.75×10.9 cells·m^-2和14.62 mg·m^-2.不同样点的藻类密度和叶绿素a含量差异显著，其中古夫河支流最高，九冲河支流最低，两者相差一个数量级; 不同季节附石藻类密度和叶绿素a含量差异不显著(P>0.05)，但均表现出冬春季高、夏秋季低的趋势.附石藻类密度及叶绿素a含量与海拔及水流流速呈显著负相关，而与总氮呈正相关.     

Effects of long-term flooding on respiratory metabolism of Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 118’ seedlings

Aims Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha’ had a strong submergence tolerance, but the biological mechanism is not clearly defined. The respiratory metabolism for the tolerance of Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 118’ ((Taxodium distichum × Taxodium mucronatum) × Taxodium mucronatum) to long-term flooding was investigated through the measuring and analyzing the changes in root starch and soluble sugar as well as the contents of anaerobic respiration enzymes, including lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), ethanol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC)), in the ‘Zhongshansha 118’ seedling. The biomass and activities of the seedling roots were also measured and analyzed.Methods 24 1-year Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 118’ seedlings were randomly and equally divided into four groups and each group experienced one of four different levels of flooding (i.e., no flooding, waterlogging, partial submergence, deep submergence) from August 8 to November 8, 2014.Important findings The results showed that the contents of the anaerobic respiration enzymes in the seedling roots and leaves are increasing with the levels of severity of flooding, which indicated the roots and leaves adapt to long-term flooding by reinforcing their anaerobic respiration and activities of ADH that were higher than LDH for roots and leaves used in alcoholic fermentation mainly. The activities of anaerobic respiration enzymes in leaves were higher than that in roots, while leaves were more sensitive to flooding. The starch and soluble sugar in roots and leaves had similar trend with anaerobic respiration enzymes. However, roots starch was higher than leaves where soluble sugar was lower than roots. The higher content of starch were the important reason of strong submergence tolerance, and we consider the strategy to fit into long-term flooding is patience type. The paper demonstrate Taxodium ‘Zhongshansha 118’ have the physiological and the morphological properties to adapt to long-term flooding, including aerial root and basal part of stem expanded and the outer wall of the root lignified to protect the roots from flooding.     

石蝴蝶属八种植物的染色体数目报道

观察了苦苣苔科石蝴蝶属(Petrocosmea)8种植物的染色体.发现它们的染色均属小型染色体,数目一致,皆为2n=34.     

秦岭石蝴蝶人工种群花器变异现象研究

以人工栽培的秦岭石蝴蝶为实验材料,通过观察并记录花器官形态和数目的变化,初步探讨秦岭石蝴蝶花器变异规律,并分析了导致其变异的诱因。结果显示:(1)在观察的1 996朵秦岭石蝴蝶花朵中,发现了17种花冠变异类型、5种萼片变异类型和7种可育雄蕊变异类型,总变异率分别为34.57%、38.38%和32.67%。(2)秦岭石蝴蝶花梗或可分支,花梗苞片数目2～3枚。(3)相关性分析结果表明,下唇数目与可育雄蕊数目呈正相关,相关系数为0.927 4,而上唇数目与可育雄蕊数目呈负相关,相关系数为-0.481 1,结合花型图示分析这可能与秦岭石蝴蝶雄蕊着生于花冠下唇内侧近基部有关。该研究统计的秦岭石蝴蝶变异类型丰富,可能对于今后秦岭石蝴蝶的系统进化、花器官发育、生殖生态以及分子遗传方面研究奠定了基础,也为培育不同观赏价值的品种提供思路。     

湖北省九华山林场不同树种配置杉阔混交林林分空间结构特征分析

以三种(杉木+少量栎类、杉木+栎类+光皮桦、杉木+栎类+光皮桦+马尾松)不同树种配置的杉阔混交林为研究对象,计算了角尺度、大小比数、混交度三个林分空间结构指标,全面分析了湖北省九华山林场不同树种配置杉阔混交防护林林分空间结构特征,结果表明:优势树种主要有杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.)、栎类(Quercus L.)及光皮桦(Betula luminifera)三种,并有少量马尾松(Pinus massoniana)散生于林内,生长优势也较弱。不同树种配置所呈现的林分空间结构也不相同。树种配置Ⅰ(杉木+少量栎类)的角尺度平均值为0.42,大小比数平均值为0.31,混交度平均值为0.18,林木空间分布格局和生长优势度均较好,但混交程度较弱,近乎杉木纯林,对应的生物多样性也会较小。树种配置Ⅱ(杉木+栎类+光皮桦)的角尺度平均值为0.5,大小比数平均值0.32,混交度平均数0.48,空间分布格局整体呈现随机分布;林木主要处于亚优势生长状态,混交度以中度-强度混交为主;而树种配置Ⅲ(杉木+栎类+光皮桦+马尾松)的角尺度平均值为0.58,大小比数平均值0.51,混交度平均数0.54,林木空间格局呈现聚集分布,生长优势水平中庸,为中度混交。全面分析林分空间结构,可以明确林分空间结构中存在的不合理情况,为合理择伐以及近自然经营提供科学依据,使该地区的杉阔混交林的多种功能得到可持续发挥。     

贵州思南奥陶纪末至志留纪初大息场组的笔石

贵州思南奥陶纪末至志留纪初大息场组的笔石研究结果表明,大息场组共产出笔石6属7种:Styracograptus chiai(Mu,1949),Normalograptus mirnyensis(Obut and Sobolevskaya,1967),Normalograptus ajjeri(Legrand,1977),Metaclimacograptus hughesi(Nicholson,1869),Avitograptus avitus(Davies,1929),Atavograptus atavus(Jones,1909)和Korenograptus laciniosus(Churkin and Carter,1970)。自下而上可识别出相当Dicellograptus complexus带、Akidograptus ascensus带和Cystograptus vesiculosus-Coronograptus cyphus带的3个含笔石地层带。虽然大息场组的笔石动物群分异度较低,但全都是上扬子区奥陶-志留系之交的常见属种,除S.chiai(Mu)之外,其它都是全球广布的物种。     

川西汉源-荥经地区下奥陶统大乘寺组的笔石

对川西汉源-荥经地区CYD2井下奥陶统弗洛阶大乘寺组的笔石进行研究,结果表明Baltograptus deflexus笔石带在这一覆盖区发育良好。CYD2井的该带笔石动物群共含2属5种。根据下垂对笔石类的始端发育型式,修正前人对波罗的笔石属(Baltograptus)和巅峰笔石属(Corymbograptus)内一些种的归属,并对CYD2井的5种笔石进行描述。可能受制于钻心标本的限制,该地区的Baltograptus deflexus带笔石动物群分异度较低。川西汉源-荥经-峨眉山地区的大乘寺组与上覆二叠系梁山组呈假整合接触,表明该地区长期遭受沉积间断和剥蚀作用,B.deflexus带的确定,指示了这一长期剥蚀作用的最大深度。     

超声和pH响应的药物共转运纳米胶束的制备及其生物学性能初探

目的:制备一种超声和p H双重响应的同时载有阿霉素(DOX)与石胆酸(LA)的纳米胶束,实现两种药物的共转运。方法:将叠氮化的石胆酸(LA-(N3)_2)与两个丙炔胺化β-环糊精(β-CD-C≡CH)通过点击反应结合,得到一种两亲性β-环糊精二聚体(LA-(CD)_2)。该环糊精二聚体在水溶液中发生自组装,同时包裹疏水性药物阿霉素,最终得到阿霉素与石胆酸共转运的纳米胶束(LA-CD2/DOX)。通过核磁共振光谱和飞行时间质谱表征LA-(CD)2的结构,透射电镜(TEM)和动态光散射(DLS)表征共转运纳米粒的形貌和大小,动态透析法模拟体外释药,监测在不同p H值和超声作用下纳米胶束的释药特性,同时采用人口腔表皮样癌细胞(KB细胞)测定LA-(CD)2/DOX的细胞毒性。结果:1经核磁共振和飞行时间质谱表征LA-(CD)2成功合成。2透射电镜和动态光散射证实LA-(CD)2自组装成形态规整的纳米胶束,Dz=128 nm,PDI=0.21。3体外释药实验结果表明DOX的释药具有p H和超声双重响应性,而LA的释药只具有p H响应性。4细胞实验证实LA-CD2/DOX的细胞毒性高于DOX和LA。结论:LA-(CD)2/DOX可有望成为一种p H和超声双重响应的抗肿瘤药物共转运纳米载体。