植物基因转移方法

基因工程的诞生和发展是与基因转移方法的出现和发展分不开的。为了实现不同的目标，就需要各种各样的基因转移方法。一般来说，向植物中转移基因，存在的困难要比微生物和动物多些；但由于植物基因工程对作物改良的重要性，近年来获得了迅速发展，各种基因转移方法层出不穷。本文系统地介绍了现有的植物基因转移方法。     

追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.     

常用的找矿方法

无论是煤炭、石油、天然气等化石燃料,还是金银铜铁锡等金属矿,都深埋于地下。若要开发,人们必须首先圈定矿产资源的分布位置。在长期的实践活动中,人们已经总结了十分丰富的找矿经验,并形成了独立、     

《分子影像学》第二版已正式出版发行

由哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院申宝忠教授主编的《分子影像学》第二版(ISBN:978-7-117-13344-9/R.13345)一书已于2010年9月14日由人民卫生出版社出版发行。《分子影像学》是国内第一部分子影像学大型专著。对于分子影像学的基本概念、基本原理、基本方法和应用概况都有精彩而详细的论述,充分体现了国际     

采用AMV和M-MLV逆转录酶的直接DNA序列测定方法

最近发表在《Focus》杂志上的几篇文章,论述了几种改进测定含dG·dC或dA·dT同聚物区M13模板序列的方法。包括以AMV(禽类髓细胞瘤病毒)逆转录酶代替DNA聚合酶Ⅰ大片段(Klenow fragment),以及仍用Klenow片段但提高测序反应温度等。     

灵活运用多种方法激发幼儿的学习兴趣

幼儿在学习中的饱满情绪同样来源于浓厚的学习兴趣与高昂的学习热情。兴趣是幼儿学习的内部推动力,在教学中,教师必须激发幼儿的学习兴趣,点燃幼儿的学习热情。下面我就以大班社会《家乡的变化》教学活动为例,说说激发幼儿学习兴趣的方法。     

关于药物协同作用的几种计算方法

如何计算药物的相互作用，是一个长期存在争论的问题。本文介绍了药物之间相互加和、协同和拮抗的等高线定义，介绍了药物相互作用的几种常用计算方法：方差分析交互作用项法、半剂量法及等高线法，以及在非标准实验设计的情况下利用等高线进行分析的方法，并就几种方法的优缺点进行了讨论。作用认为，在这一问题的最佳数学方法最终确立之前，等高线法可能是一个较为理想的分析手段。