介绍“个体间性状的比较”实验

人体的性状十分复杂,包括体形、容貌、血型、皮肤纹理、毛发、智力、运动能力、疾病等许多方面。有的性状完全由遗传决定。决定性状遗传的基因又有显性隐性之分。人类繁多的遗传性状,在不同的个体要全部相同,除了一卵双生子外,可以说是不可能的。教师可以组织一次实验,就下列十种易于辨识而又不会有损学生自尊的遗传性状,让学生自我检查或请同学协助检查。通过实验加深对遗传现象的认识,提高学生的学习兴趣和分析思考问题的能力。实验步骤 1.分组,为便于实验检查,可将学生分成两人一组。 2.分发事先准备好的实验记录纸。记录纸式样如下:     

中脑-纹状体多巴胺可塑性:肥胖相关体力活动不足的重要机制

对高热量食物的过度摄取与体力活动不足(physical inactivity)是肥胖呈爆发式增长的重要原因,其中体力活动不足与心肺耐力下降及全因死亡率的增长还存在密切的关系。尽管人们已认识到肥胖者应该通过增加体力活动水平降低心血管病风险,但由于目前对肥胖相关体力活动不足的分子生物学机制了解有限,导致难以采取行之有效的措施。近年来,国内外的研究开始关注中脑多巴胺(dopamine,DA)系统功能障碍与肥胖相关体力活动不足的关系,认为中脑-纹状体多巴胺系统参与了肥胖的形成,其功能可塑性与肥胖相关体力活动不足有关,中脑-纹状体多巴胺神经元可能成为运动干预肥胖的重要靶点。本文就这一领域的研究现状做一综述,为揭示肥胖的发生及运动防治肥胖的神经生物学机制提供理论参考。     

六盘山地区油松树轮宽度年表与多尺度标准化降水指数的关系

研究利用在六盘山地区采集的油松树轮样芯建立树轮宽度标准年表(STD),分别与不同长度时间单元(月、半月、旬)和多时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPIn)序列进行相关性分析。油松标准年表与不同长度时间单元SPI的相关结果显示,较小的时间单元会使相关性表达更加精确,而时间单元过小则会因为数据波动性增大而导致相关关系弱化。因此,相较于月和旬,半月是相关性分析更为合适的时间单元长度。油松标准年表与多时间尺度SPI的相关结果显示,SPI多时间尺度的特性有助于揭示油松径向生长对不同时间尺度水分状况的响应特征,且油松在不同生长时期对于不同时间尺度水分状况具有相异的响应机制。在温度较低(0℃)的冬季,短时间内的降水并不利于树木生长,而长时间良好的水分储备会为树木生长季需水提供保障;在生长季前期,长时间良好的水分状况比短期内的降水更有利于树木的生长;在生长季,补给性水分和土壤水分都对树木生长起着至关重要的作用。     

一次性木筷与我国森林资源保护问题

在分析了一次性木筷生产和消费以及它对我国的森林资源保护和生态系统影响的基础上，提出了4点解决一次性木筷问题的途径，希望能解决一次性木筷在现实生活中存在的诸多问题。     

景观生态网络研究进展

作为生态学重要的概念与方法,生态网络是景观生态学研究的热点问题,也是耦合景观结构、生态过程和功能的重要途径。景观生态网络对于保护生物多样性、维持生态平衡、增加景观连接度具有重要意义。从景观生态网络的相关理论、研究进展、研究方法模型等进行分析,并对其应用前景进行展望,主要介绍了传统景观格局分析、网络分析、模型模拟等方法的适用性与特点,并分析了景观生态网络在城市景观格局优化、自然保护区规划、生物多样性保护、土地规划等领域的应用,最后提出了研究的主要问题。     

蜱类的滞育现象

<正> 滞育(diapause)是昆虫、蜱类等节肢动物中普遍存在的现象。对昆虫滞育现象的研究开展较早,也比较深入而对蜱类这一现象的研究则较晚。(1948)曾首次论述过硬蜱的滞育,近年来研究进展较快,已对几十种蜱类的滞育进行了研究。本文将概述蜱类滞育的表现形式,影响滞育的环境因素以及滞育期间蜱类的生理状态等问题。     

Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.