Evaluation of nutrients and related environmental factors for wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) fruits grown in the different areas of China

The wolfberry (Lycium barbarumL.) fruit has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and food, but fruits grown in various geographic areas are significantly different in quality and content of functional components. In this study, we tested the internal nutritional ingredients and related environmental factors using forty-two wolfberry fruits collected from seven wolfberry producing regions in China (Yinchuan and Zhongning in Ningxia, Jingyuan in Gansu, Nuomuhong Farm in Qinghai,Hangjinhouqi and Wulateqianqi in Inner Mongolia, and Jinghe in Xinjiang). The nutritional ingredients of the forty-two wolfberry fruits are dependent on the environment. Correlation analysis revealed that the amount of nutrients was highly related to each other. Based on the analysis ofratio of total sugar to betaine (sugar-alkali ratio), we have successfully established quality standards for the wolfberry based on the levels of betaine and sugar. The standards were as follows: high betaine low sugar (sugar-alkali ratio≤15.1), high betaine medium sugar (15<sugar-alkali ratio≤60), medium betaine medium sugar (60<sugar-alkali ratio≤121), medium betaine high sugar (121<sugar-alkali ratio≤165), and low betaine high sugar (sugar-alkali ratio>165). Zhongning of Ningxia is the geo-authentic producing region of the wolfberry, whereby the wolfberries are rich in main pharmacological ingredients Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) and three trace elements (iron, manganese and selenium) and medium sugar-alkali ratio. In addition, the correlation analysis showed that both the altitude and average temperature difference between day and night had positive effects on the wolfberry flavonoids content but the annual sunshine duration negatively affected the betaine contents of the wolfberry fruit.     

Facile purification of mono-PEGylated interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and its characterization with multi-angle laser light scattering

Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) was chemically conjugated with succinimidyl carbonate monomethoxyl polyethylene glycols of 5 kDa (SC-PEG_5k) and 10 kDa (SC-PEG_10k) molecular weight. A facile purification of the conjugates was achieved by one-step cationic exchange chromatography. The purity of mono-PEGylated protein was greater than 95%. The purified conjugate was characterized by multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) for determining the apparent gyration radius (r_g) and hydrodynamic radius (r_h). MALLS results showed that the conjugation of PEG markedly enhanced r_g and r_h of parent protein (r_g: from 15.7 to 48.2 nm for the PEG_5k and 81.9 nm for the PEG_10k; r_h: from 4.2 to 58.4 nm for the PEG_5k and 102.3 nm for the PEG_10k). The PEGylated rhIL-1ra retained 44.6% of binding activities to the cell receptor for PEG_5k and 40.2% for PEG_10k, compared to the original protein.     

祁连山南麓高寒湿地生态系统呼吸季节、年际动态及影响因素

由于青藏高原高海拔、低温的特殊环境，使得生态系统呼吸(RE)对气候变化的响应极其敏感，然而对高寒湿地生态系统长时间尺度上的RE动态特征及驱动机制的研究相对薄弱。以青藏高原东北部高寒湿地为研究对象，分析了基于涡度相关系统观测的高寒湿地2004—2016年的CO₂通量排放动态及影响机制，对预测高寒湿地碳平衡对未来气候变化的响应具有重要意义。结果表明：高寒湿地在2004—2016年的月平均RE表现为单峰变化趋势，在8月达到峰值；年RE表现为逐年升高的趋势(P<0.05),年RE均值为(608.9±65.6) g C m^-2 a^-1;生长季RE约是非生长季RE的2.7倍，线性回归分析表明生长季RE(r~2=0.66,P=0.001)、非生长季RE(r~2=0.47,P=0.01)与全年RE呈极显著正相关。在月尺度上，分类回归树分析和线性回归分析表明土壤温度是月RE的最主要控制因素，暗示高寒湿地的土壤呼吸对整个生态系统的碳排放至关重要。在年际尺度上，生长季积温与生长季RE呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而生长季降水(PP...     

珠芽蓼果实营养成分分析

本文对珠芽蓼果实的营养成分进行了分析.结果表明,珠芽蓼果实含有丰富的蛋白质、总糖、氨基酸和矿质元素,是一种值得有效开发的野生植物资源.     

柴达木盆地唐古特白刺果实调节免疫、抗疲劳和耐寒冷作用研究

采用环磷酰胺所致的免疫功能低下的模型小鼠试验柴达木盆地唐古特白刺果实的免疫调节作用,并进行了抗疲劳和耐寒冷试验。结果显示：唐古特白刺果实3．6g/kg灌胃剂量能显著增强模型小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、迟发性超敏反应;1．8g/kg和3．6/kg灌胃剂量能显著提高模型小鼠血清溶血素生成能力;3．6g/kgg灌胃剂量可显著减轻环磷酰胺对小鼠胸腺DNA含量的抑制作用;3．6g/kg灌胃剂量能显著延长小鼠的游泳时间和爬杆时间,并能提高小鼠在低温的存活时间。实验表明唐古特白刺果实具有调节免疫、抗疲劳和耐寒冷作用。     

柴达木盆地唐古特白刺籽油保护肝损伤作用研究

对柴达木盆地唐古特白刺种籽油保护化学性肝损伤作用进行了研究.将小鼠按体重随机分为白刺籽油高、中、低剂量组,另设空白对照组和联苯双酯、藏茵陈阳性对照组.小鼠连续灌胃给药15 d后,用CCl4进行肝损伤,测定小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）;肝脏过氧化脂质（LPO）降解产物丙二醛（MDA）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的含量.结果显示,白刺籽油对血清ALT、AST具有显著的抑制作用,显著拮抗肝脏MDA的升高,显著提高肝脏GSH-Px含量.表明白刺籽油具有明显的保护化学性肝损伤的保健作用.     

Dynamic and complex microclimate responses to warming and grazing manipulations

Synthesis efforts that identify patterns of ecosystem response to a suite of warming manipulations can make important contributions to climate change science. However, cross‐study comparisons are impeded by the paucity of detailed analyses of how passive warming and other manipulations affect microclimate. Here we document the independent and combined effects of a common passive warming manipulation, open‐top chambers (OTCs), and a simulated widespread land use, clipping, on microclimate on the Tibetan Plateau. OTCs consistently elevated growing season averaged mean daily air temperature by 1.0–2.0°C, maximum daily air temperature by 2.1–7.3°C and the diurnal air temperature range by 1.9–6.5°C, with mixed effects on minimum daily air temperature, and mean daily soil temperature and moisture. These OTC effects on microclimate differ from reported effects of a common active warming method, infrared heating, which has more consistent effects on soil than on air temperature. There were significant interannual and intragrowing season differences in OTC effects on microclimate. For example, while OTCs had mixed effects on growing season averaged soil temperatures, OTCs consistently elevated soil temperature by approximately 1.0°C early in the growing season. Nonadditive interactions between OTCs and clipping were also present: OTCs in clipped plots generally elevated air and soil temperatures more than OTCs in nonclipped plots. Moreover, site factors dynamically interacted with microclimate and with the efficacy of the OTC manipulations. These findings highlight the need to understand differential microclimate effects between warming methods, within warming method across ecosystem sites, within warming method crossed with other treatments, and within sites over various timescales. Methods, sites and scales are potential explanatory variables and covariables in climate warming experiments. Consideration of this variability among and between experimental warming studies will lead to greater understanding and better prediction of ecosystem response to anthropogenic climate warming.     

基于交叉抚育的雄性根田鼠对异性同胞尿气味的识别

通过交叉抚育建立室内繁殖种群,在断奶后（80日龄）分别取这些供体的新鲜尿气味作刺激物,在行为观察箱中观察和记录雄性根田鼠对雌鼠气味的行为反应,以研究根田鼠同胞识别的化学通讯机制。结果表明：①在不同的发育时期（2～70日龄）,雄性同巢同胞与异巢同胞的体重没有显著差异。②雄性根田鼠对雌性同巢非同胞气味的接近潜伏期显著长于对异巢非同胞的接近潜伏期（P〈0．05）,其对异巢非同胞气味的访问时间和嗅舔时间都显著高于同巢非同胞气味（P〈0．05）。③雄性根田鼠对雌性异巢同胞和异巢非同胞气味的不存在明显偏好。其对两者的接近潜伏期、访问频次、访问时间、嗅舔频次和嗅舔时间等行为响应均无显著差异（P〈0．05）。这些结果表明,80日龄时,雄性根田鼠能够识别熟悉和陌生的无亲属关系雌性尿气味,但不能区分陌生的亲属和非亲属,因此,其异性同胞识别的机制为共生熟悉模式。     

繁殖期高原鼠兔的行为时间分配与后代存活率的关系

2002年4-8月份,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站附近,采用标志流放、直接观察法和解剖法对青藏高原特有的植食性小哺乳动物———高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)的行为时间分配、繁殖特征和后代存活率等方面进行了研究。结果表明,雌、雄成体平均地面活动时间占总时间的比例分别为88.67%和89.88%,在不同的繁殖时段,成体的各种行为时间分配存在显著的变化,并影响后代的存活率。幼体从出生到15d的存活率和雌、雄性成体的每次移动距离以及雌性成体的地面活动强度都显著的正相关;从15d到45d的存活率和雄性成体的地面活动强度、观望强度显著的正相关。在相同的观察时期,高原鼠兔雌、雄成体的一些行为时间分配存在显著差异,如雄性成体地面移动距离、频次在繁殖前期显著的高于雌性成体;雄性成体的观望强度在6、7月份显著高于雌性成体。说明雄性成体在领域防卫中较雌性成体承担更多的责任,雌、雄成体在育幼活动中的繁殖投入存在互补性。     

干旱与氧化胁迫对小麦根氧化还原状态和叶片ABA积累的影响

通过分析一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和干旱胁迫对小麦根氧化还原状态和叶片脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)积累的影响,探讨了干旱胁迫下NO和H2O2调节ABA合成的可能机制。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理初期小麦根还原型谷胱甘肽含量降低、抗氧化酶活性发生振荡变化,细胞氧化还原状态向氧化型转变。NO和H2O2能模拟干旱胁迫的作用使细胞状态向氧化型转变,还可以使小麦叶片ABA积累量上升。干旱胁迫下NO和H2O2对ABA合成的调节作用可能是通过调节细胞氧化还原状态进行。