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1.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (cas) genes constitute the adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea. Although the CRISPR-Cas systems have been hypothesized to encode potential toxins, no experimental data supporting the hypothesis are available in the literature. In this work, we provide the first experimental evidence for the presence of a toxin gene in the type I-A CRISPR system of hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus. csa5, under the control of its native promoter in a shuttle vector, could not be transformed into CRISPR-deficient mutant Sulfolobus solfataricus Sens1, demonstrating a strong toxicity in the cells. A single-amino-acid mutation destroying the intersubunit bridge of Csa5 attenuated the toxicity, indicative of the importance of Csa5 oligomerization for its toxicity. In line with the absence of Csa5 toxicity in S. solfataricus InF1 containing functional CRISPR systems, the expression of csa5 is repressed in InF1 cells. Induced from the arabinose promoter in Sens1 cells, Csa5 oligomers resistant to 1% SDS co-occur with chromosome degradation and cell death, reinforcing the connection between Csa5 oligomerization and its toxicity. Importantly, a rudivirus was shown to induce Csa5 expression and the formation of SDS-resistant Csa5 oligomers in Sulfolobus cells. This demonstrates that the derepression of csa5 and the subsequent Csa5 oligomerization take place in native virus-host systems. Thus, csa5 is likely to act as a suicide gene under certain circumstances to inhibit virus spreading.  相似文献   
2.
The goldfish (Carassius auratus) Tgf2 transposon is a vertebrate DNA transposon that belongs to the hAT transposon family. In this study, we constructed plasmids containing either the full-length Tgf2 transposon (pTgf2 plasmid) or a partially-deleted Tgf2 transposon (ΔpTgf2 plasmid), and microinjected these plasmids into fertilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs at the one- to two-cell stage. DNA extracted from the embryos was analyzed by PCR to assess transient excision, if any, of the exogenous plasmid and to verify whether Tgf2 is an autonomous transposon. The results showed that excision-specific bands were not detected in embryos injected with the ΔpTgf2 plasmid, while bands of 300–500 bp were detected in embryos injected with pTgf2, which indicated that the full-length Tgf2-containing plasmid could undergo autonomous excision in zebrafish embryos. DNA cloned from 24 embryos injected with pTgf2 was sequenced, and the results suggested that Tgf2 underwent self-excision in zebrafish embryos. Cloning and PCR analysis of DNA extracted from embryos co-injected with ΔpTgf2 and in vitro-transcribed transposase mRNA indicated that partially-deleted-Tgf2-containing ΔpTgf2 plasmid also underwent excision, in the presence of functional transposase mRNA. DNA cloned from 25 embryos co-injected with ΔpTgf2 and transposase mRNA was sequenced, and the results suggested that partially-deleted Tgf2 transposons plasmids were excised. These results demonstrated that excisions of Tgf2 transposons were mediated by the Tgf2 transposase, which in turn confirmed that Tgf2 is an autonomous transposon.  相似文献   
3.
A new indole-4,9-dione and their phenoxy derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi, Y strain. All of these novel compounds were found to be extremely potent and selective that the standard drug nifurtimox. Interestingly, phenoxyindole-4,9-dione 9d displayed excellent nanomolar inhibitory activity, IC50 = 20 nM, and high selectivity index, SI = 625. In silico studies using MOE program were performed to generate a preliminary pharmacophore model.  相似文献   
4.
The genus Andrographis, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, contains several species of medicinal importance. Species, such as Andrographis alata, Andrographis echioides, Andrographis glandulosa, Andrographis lineata, Andrographis nallamalayana and Andrographis paniculata, with several bio-active compounds are being extensively used in folk medicine. However, difference of opinion exists with regard to inclusion of the species echioides into the genus Andrographis. The present study, using rbcL and matK sequences, for the first time established DNA barcodes for these six species. The nucleotide sequence of rbcL provided species-specific haplotypes for A. alata, A. lineata, and A. paniculata. Despite the differences with regard to nucleotide sequence, all the six species showed conserved amino acid sequence. However, all the six species showed distinct haplotypes in nucleotide sequence of matK and facilitated the identification and discrimination of these species. The phylogenetic tree generated with combined sequence of rbcL and matK revealed grouping of all the six species into a single clade confirming the positioning of the species echioides into the genus Andrographis.  相似文献   
5.
长江口径流在南北支分布不均导致北支盐度高于南支,因此南北支之间生物群落存在一定差异。2010年在长江口分支前的江段和南北支设置5个断面,开展轮虫生态研究。分支前的太海汽渡断面处共采集到轮虫9种,隶属6科8属,其中优势种为没尾无柄轮虫、暗小异尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫等;长江口南支2个断面共采集轮虫20种,隶属于6科12属,南支优势种为暗小异尾轮虫、盘状鞍甲轮虫和蹄形腔轮虫;长江口北支2个断面共采集轮虫11种,隶属于7科10属,北支优势种为舞跃无柄轮虫、没尾无柄轮虫和盘状鞍甲轮虫。南支轮虫种类、密度、多样性都高于北支,南北支的轮虫群落相似度较低。轮虫与水域环境因子相关性分析显示,盐度的差别影响了轮虫种类组成、密度和空间分布。  相似文献   
6.
Eleutheronema tetradactylum is an economically important fish species in China water. To investigate the genetic diversity and describe population structure of it, an 1151 base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial DNA Cytb sequence was analyzed in 120 individuals from four populations in the East China Sea and the South China Sea. A total of 16 haplotypes were defined by 24 variable nucleotide sites. High level of haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were observed in all populations. The results of AMOVA detected that 89.44% of the genetic variation occurred within populations. Significant genetic differentiations were detected among populations (0.05097, P < 0.05), but no large-scale regional differences were detected. Analysis of neutral evolution and mismatch distribution suggested no recent population expansion happened. The present results provided new information for genetic assessment, fishery management and conservation of this species.  相似文献   
7.
免疫细胞浸润对癌症的诊断与预后有着重要意义。文中收集TCGA数据库已收录的非小细胞肺癌肿瘤与正常组织基因表达数据,利用CIBERSORT工具得到22种免疫细胞占比来评估免疫细胞浸润情况。以22种免疫细胞占比为特征,用机器学习方法构建了非小细胞肺癌肿瘤与正常组织的分类模型,其中随机森林方法构建的模型分类效果AUC=0.987、敏感性0.98及特异性0.84。并且用随机森林方法构建的肺腺癌和肺鳞癌肿瘤组织分类模型效果AUC=0.827、敏感性0.75及特异性0.77。用LASSO回归筛选22种免疫细胞特征,保留8种强相关特征组成的免疫细胞评分结合临床特征构建了非小细胞肺癌预后模型。经评估及验证,预后模型C-index=0.71并且3年和5年的校准曲线拟合良好,可以对预后风险度进行准确预测。本研究基于免疫细胞浸润所构建的分类模型与预后模型,旨在对非小细胞肺癌的诊断与预后研究提供新的策略。  相似文献   
8.
刘金立  陈新军  李纲  李思亮 《生态学报》2014,34(17):5040-5051
西北太平洋柔鱼是中国大陆、日本及中国台湾鱿钓船队共同开发的主要经济头足类之一,如何兼顾鱿钓船队的渔业利益,并综合考虑生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,科学制定渔业管理目标是确保柔鱼资源可持续利用的重要研究内容。根据中国大陆、日本及中国台湾鱿钓船队的渔获统计数据及相关经济参数,构建基于多船队的生物经济模型,模拟了50年内(1997—2047年)各捕捞船队开发柔鱼资源过程中的动态变化,并探讨了在10种不同的管理方案下各船队捕捞努力量、柔鱼资源量、渔获产量及其渔业利润随时间的动态变化。结果表明,在所有设计方案下,随着捕捞努力量的动态变化,资源量在前10a均呈急剧下降趋势,随后经长期波动后逐渐趋于稳定并维持在较低水平。从长期效益来看,方案9(提高中国台湾船队捕捞系数)的累计产量及累计利润中等,但能兼顾各国或地区船队间的经济利益和社会效益,可建议以方案9作为柔鱼渔业的参考管理目标;从柔鱼资源保护角度来看,方案4(提高中国大陆船队作业成本)的资源量保持最好,可以对方案4进行适当的优化作为参考管理目标,即提高中国大陆船队作业成本,同时适当降低日本船队的可捕系数,可确保柔鱼资源量保持在更高的水平上。  相似文献   
9.
【背景】定量微生物风险评估作为定量评估游泳人群暴露于病原微生物后健康风险的方法,在国外已得到广泛应用,但目前国内的应用处于起步阶段且缺乏所需的游泳人群暴露数据。【目的】收集游泳人群暴露数据,并在海水浴场中进行应用,评估粪大肠菌群作为风险评估指标的可行性。【方法】通过对6个典型海水浴场的水质状况、粪大肠菌群浓度与环境因子的相关性进行分析,并发放调查问卷收集国内游泳人群的暴露数据,进而应用定量微生物风险评估方法,得出各个海水浴场的胃肠道疾病患病风险。【结果】6个海水浴场中粪大肠菌群浓度均与水温、气温及总云量具有显著相关性(P<0.01)。位于南方的海水浴场粪便污染情况较北方严重,粪大肠菌群浓度第95百分位数远高于国内“差”类水质标准的阈值。儿童、成年男性、成年女性单次沐浴事件吞下海水的体积分别为35.1 mL (95%置信区间为32.4-37.8,α=0.578,β=0.016),45.0 mL (95%置信区间为31.1-59.3,α=0.532,β=0.012),35.7 mL (95%置信区间为29.7-41.8,α=0.753,β=0.032)。6个海水浴场患胃肠道疾病的风险...  相似文献   
10.
在饲料中添加0、30和50 mg Cu/kg饲料的蛋氨酸铜,投喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)7、14和21d,检测对虾体组织铜蓄积、免疫相关基因(Toll受体mRNA和溶菌酶mRNA)表达水平和免疫抗菌能力的变化。结果表明:凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺铜含量随着饲料蛋氨酸铜添加量增加及投喂时间延长而显著增加(P0.05);对虾肌肉的铜含量显著低于肝胰腺的铜含量。饲料中铜水平对凡纳滨对虾肌肉、血淋巴及肝胰腺中溶菌酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。对虾组织SOD活性因饲料中铜水平和投喂时间变化显著,添加30 mgCu/kg组对虾肌肉、血淋巴和肝胰腺中SOD活性在第21天时显著高于其他两组(P0.05)。饲料中铜水平对凡纳滨对虾鳃组织中溶菌酶mRNA表达水平无显著影响,但显著影响鳃组织Toll受体mRNA表达水平(P0.05)。第7天时凡纳滨对虾Toll受体mRNA表达水平随着饲料铜水平升高而显著升高(P0.05);第14和第21天时,Toll受体mRNA表达水平在摄食添加30 mg Cu/kg组最高。人工急性感染溶藻弧菌(Vibrioalginolyticus)实验表明,第7天时,摄食添加50 mg Cu/kg组凡纳滨对虾全致死时间和半致死时间长于未添加铜组和添加30 mgCu/kg组,但在第14天,摄食添加30 mg Cu/kg组的全致死时间和半致死时间最长。研究表明饲料铜添加水平不但影响组织中铜的蓄积,还影响凡纳滨对虾SOD活性和Toll受体mRNA表达水平,从而影响机体的抗弧菌能力。  相似文献   
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