中国兰科植物沿经纬度的水平分布格局

对濒危物种在大尺度上地理分布的研究,有助于制定合理的保护规划和保护策略.兰科植物作为一大类急需保护的濒危物种,研究其在中国境内的地理分布格局具有重要的理论和实践意义.通过文献查阅、自然保护区数据整理收集兰科植物在全国范围内的调查数据,利用ArcGIS10.0和SPASS18.0软件对其地理分布进行了分析,结果表明：中国西南地区是兰科植物的分布中心和分化中心;兰科植物丰富度表现出显著的经度和纬度相关性,与经度之间呈单峰关系,在100°E附近出现峰值,但随纬度升高丰富度不断下降.     

Development and biological characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haemaphysalis longicornis</Emphasis> (Acari: Ixodidae) under field conditions

The development and biological characteristics of Haemaphysalis longicornis were investigated under field conditions in Xiaowutai National Natural Reserve Area, North China. Unfed larvae, nymphs and adults were fed on rabbits and exposed to daylight. Three free-living stages were allowed to develop in field plot selected in a tick natural habitat. The host seeking behavior and seasonal occurrence were observed. Haemaphysalis longicornis were active from mid March to mid October. The premoult period of nymphs and preoviposition of females were regulating phases of their life cycle. The developmental durations of eggs, larvae and adults were constant under field conditions regardless when the development started. The oviposition periods in May and June were statistically shorter than those in July and August. The daily oviposition patterns of females engorged in May and June demonstrated unobvious peak, which differed from those engorged in July and August. The daily oviposition peak of the latter occurred on the 4th day of oviposition. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the mass of the laid egg and the body weight of engorged females (r = 0.62, P < 0.001). The female reproductive efficiency indices were 2.9, 6.1, 10.5 and 9.0 in May, June, July and August, respectively. The mean weight (3.33 mg) of engorged nymphs molting to females was significantly higher than that (2.35 mg) of those molting to males (P < 0.001), but the body weights of both sexes were overlapping.     

Spatial distribution of male and female Populus cathayana populations and its drivers in Xiaowutai Mountains,Hebei, China

为揭示雌雄异株植物种群的空间分异现象的内在原因, 以河北小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 采用平均最近邻指数、核密度、方差分析等方法分析了青杨雌雄群体的聚集程度、群体密度和分布格局以及其与到河岸的距离(河距)、海拔和土壤理化性质间的内在关系。结果显示: 1)青杨种群总体上沿金河沟呈狭长带状集聚分布, 中海拔区域个体数量最多, 密度最大; 2)随海拔增加, 雌雄个体数与密度均表现“先增后减”的特点, 而平均胸径的变化正好相反; 3)海拔对性比具有显著影响: 低海拔区域(1 300-1 400 m)偏雌, 中低海拔区域(1 400-1 500 m)偏雄, 其他海拔段的性比接近1:1; 4)随河距增加, 雌雄个体数、密度和平均胸径均表现出逐渐减少或减小的特点, 并且雌株优势分布区内的土壤有机质和全氮含量显著高于雄株优势分布区; 5)局部区域由于海拔和河距改变了土壤理化性质和生长环境, 导致了该区域内的性比发生偏倚。上述结果表明, 青杨雌雄群体的空间分布、动态变化以及性比受海拔、河距以及所在区域的土壤理化性质的综合影响, 雌雄植株在资源需求和环境适应力方面存在的差异会导致局部区域内的性比发生偏倚。     

青杨雌雄株叶际微生物群落多样性和结构的差异

【目的】本论文探究了青杨雌雄株的叶际微生物的群落结构差异及其主要环境影响因素。【方法】以河北小五台山的天然青杨林为研究对象,采用基于16S rRNA/ITS1基因的MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了青杨雌雄株叶际细菌和真菌的群落结构,并耦合分析其与叶片理化性质的相关性。【结果】测序结果表明细菌和真菌的多样性指数ACE、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson在雌雄株间都无显著性差异(P>0.05)。Metastats组间群落显著性差异分析表明,在门水平,青杨雌雄株叶际细菌和真菌都无显著差异。而在属水平,青杨雌雄株的叶际细菌Amnibacterium和Spingomonas及真菌Aureobasidium、Elmerina、Exobasidium、Endoconidioma、Monilinia和Rhodotorula的相对丰度在雌雄株叶际有显著差异(P<0.05)。基于OTUs的菌群分析表明,青杨雌株和雄株的叶际环境上都有其各自的特有菌群,如雌株的特有真菌Pringsheimia(0.15%)和细菌Chitinophaga(0.04%)。RDA冗余分析表明,叶片含水量与青杨叶际真菌的群落结构有显著相关性(P<0.05),而未发现青杨细菌群落结构与测定的叶片理化性质有显著相关。【结论】青杨雌雄株叶际微生物在属水平有显著分异的菌属,且可能受叶片理化性质影响,该结果为揭示雌雄异株植物的叶际微生物差异有重要借鉴意义。     

Habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province, China

From April to July of 2003-2005,we investigated habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in the Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve,Hebei Province.Our results show that brown eared-pheasants preferred deciduousconiferous mixed or deciduous forests with altitudes ranging from 1600 to 2200 m,steep gradients of slopes and medium or high positions on slopes.Moreover,they preferred habitats with more tree species,larger diameters at the breast height,more density and cover of trees and habitats with more types of grasses,high density and cover of grasses,but with fewer types of shrubs and lower density and cover of shrubs.They had larger territories in the early breeding stage than in the late breeding stage.There were significant differences in diameters at the breast height of trees,average height of trees,cover of trees,density of shrubs,cover of shrubs,aspect,distance to path,distance to water,distance to forest edge (P ＜ 0.01,respectively),density of trees,type of shrubs,height of shrubs,type of grasses,density of grasses and proportion of bareness (P ＜ 0.05,respectively).The result of the principal component analysis suggested that the principal components among the 23 habitat factors were the average height of trees,density of trees,diameters at the breast height of trees,density of shrubs,cover of shrubs and density of grasses.The differences in habitat selection of brown eared-pheasants between early breeding and late breeding stages may correlate with the dynamics of ambient environmental conditions,the reproductive behavior and energy requirements in their sub-stages of breeding.     

防除杏树(Prunus armeniaca L.)冰核细菌药剂筛选及花期防霜效果

采用vali结冻法和含菌平板培养法,从9种供试药剂中筛选出1号、2号、3号、5号、7号5种对INA细菌触杀及破坏冰蛋白作用的药剂。将5种筛选的药剂于日光温室和田间进行药剂防霜试验研究,结果表明,日光温室霜冻温度为-4℃时,5种药剂中3号、7号防霜效果显著,分别为47.05%~67.74%和49.44%~69.33%。3号、7号分别提高座果率12.25%~14.83%和4.69%~11.36%,与对照相比差异达显著水平。大田温度为-6.5℃时,5种药剂中3号的防霜效果为21.80%,提高座果率9.17%,与对照相比达显著水平。     

河北小五台山青杨种群中雌雄群体的空间分布及其成因

为揭示雌雄异株植物种群的空间分异现象的内在原因, 以河北小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 采用平均最近邻指数、核密度、方差分析等方法分析了青杨雌雄群体的聚集程度、群体密度和分布格局以及其与到河岸的距离(河距)、海拔和土壤理化性质间的内在关系。结果显示: 1)青杨种群总体上沿金河沟呈狭长带状集聚分布, 中海拔区域个体数量最多, 密度最大; 2)随海拔增加, 雌雄个体数与密度均表现“先增后减”的特点, 而平均胸径的变化正好相反; 3)海拔对性比具有显著影响: 低海拔区域(1 300-1 400 m)偏雌, 中低海拔区域(1 400-1 500 m)偏雄, 其他海拔段的性比接近1:1; 4)随河距增加, 雌雄个体数、密度和平均胸径均表现出逐渐减少或减小的特点, 并且雌株优势分布区内的土壤有机质和全氮含量显著高于雄株优势分布区; 5)局部区域由于海拔和河距改变了土壤理化性质和生长环境, 导致了该区域内的性比发生偏倚。上述结果表明, 青杨雌雄群体的空间分布、动态变化以及性比受海拔、河距以及所在区域的土壤理化性质的综合影响, 雌雄植株在资源需求和环境适应力方面存在的差异会导致局部区域内的性比发生偏倚。     

青杨雌雄群体沿海拔梯度的分布特征

以小五台山天然青杨种群为试验对象,通过在其分布海拔范围内(1400-1700 m)设置样方的方式研究青杨雌雄群体的平均胸径、密度、性比、大小级结构和空间分布的差异.结果显示:雌株群体的平均胸径在整个海拔梯度上无显著差异,而海拔1700 m处的群体密度显著低于其它海拔;雄株群体的平均胸径在海拔1700 m最大,显著高于其它海拔,而群体密度在各海拔梯度间无显著差异.在海拔1600 m,雌雄群体的平均胸径最接近,同时密度也最接近.从整个海拔范围来看,青杨雌雄个体的比例(雄/雌)为0.80∶1,性比不偏离1∶1(x2=2.94,P＞0.05).但在不同海拔梯度上性比有所不同,低海拔性比为0.44,显著偏雌(X21400=5.91,P＜0.05),而高海拔性比为2.55,显著偏雄(x21700=6.56,P＜0.05);随着海拔接近1600 m,性比逐渐趋于1:1(x21600=0,P＞0.05).除海拔1700 m为下降型外,青杨雌雄群体的大小级结构在其它海拔主要表现为稳定型.而最稳定群体结构的分布海拔在雌雄群体间不同.在海拔1400 m,雌株群体中I级和Ⅱ级植株占群体比例最大;雄株群体I级和Ⅱ级植株占群体比例最大的海拔是1600 m.群体空间分布以聚集分布为主,彼此间无明显差异;但群体间聚集强度的变化在海拔梯度上各有不同,主要表现为雌株群体的PAI随海拔的升高逐渐增加,而雄株群体的PAI则随海拔的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势.研究结果表明了青杨雌雄群体的分布特征沿海拔梯度的变化明显不同,中等海拔区域可能为青杨种群的最适繁衍区.     

Habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province, China

From April to July of 2003–2005, we investigated habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in the Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province. Our results show that brown eared-pheasants preferred deciduous-coniferous mixed or deciduous forests with altitudes ranging from 1600 to 2200 m, steep gradients of slopes and medium or high positions on slopes. Moreover, they preferred habitats with more tree species, larger diameters at the breast height, more density and cover of trees and habitats with more types of grasses, high density and cover of grasses, but with fewer types of shrubs and lower density and cover of shrubs. They had larger territories in the early breeding stage than in the late breeding stage. There were significant differences in diameters at the breast height of trees, average height of trees, cover of trees, density of shrubs, cover of shrubs, aspect, distance to path, distance to water, distance to forest edge (P < 0.01, respectively), density of trees, type of shrubs, height of shrubs, type of grasses, density of grasses and proportion of bareness (P < 0.05, respectively). The result of the principal component analysis suggested that the principal components among the 23 habitat factors were the average height of trees, density of trees, diameters at the breast height of trees, density of shrubs, cover of shrubs and density of grasses. The differences in habitat selection of brown eared-pheasants between early breeding and late breeding stages may correlate with the dynamics of ambient environmental conditions, the reproductive behavior and energy requirements in their sub-stages of breeding.