AGNPS模型机理与预测偏差影响因素

农业非点源污染已引起了严重和广泛的生态环境和水质问题，受到各种土地利用类型的潜在影响，并与污染源的扩散和防控措施的地理位置有关，涉及到复杂的生态过程和景观格局，由于监测极为困难或成本昂贵，研究方法一般采用模型模拟预测，AGNPS是应用广泛的模型之一。文章介绍了AnnAGNPS4．0模型的特点、时间空间应用范围及其局限性，主要分析了模型的不确定性和预测偏差的影响因素。通过分析认为，美国农业部农业研究局编制的模型参数手册和703号农业手册中参数取值并不适合中国大部分地区，提出了在使用模型时要根据研究地区的实际情况确定参数的取值，并对国内外模型应用结果进行了综合分析，为模型在中国的正确使用提供参考。     

不同经营方式下毛竹光合特性分异研究

林木经营方式与林内光照、温度、水分及养分格局关系密切,影响到植株的光合水平。为探明毛竹对不同经营方式的光合响应特性,以安徽省黄山区3种经营方式下的5类毛竹林为对象开展研究,即:粗放经营(Ⅰ)、一般经营(Ⅱ)和集约经营(Ⅲ-挖冬笋量10%—15%,、Ⅳ-挖冬笋量15%—20%、Ⅴ-挖冬笋量约10%,每年9月施氮肥)。结果表明:1)不同经营方式下毛竹的叶面积指数(LAI)和SPAD值间存在显著差异,随经营程度的增加,LAI和SPAD值波动增大。2)光响应曲线变化趋势基本一致,非直角双曲线拟合良好,方程决定系数均大于0.96,随光合有效辐射(PAR)增强,净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(C_d)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)随之降低,非集约经营(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)的总体变化水平高于集约经营下的Ⅳ和Ⅲ,但集约经营下的Ⅴ则与Ⅰ、Ⅱ趋势更接近,说明适当补充养分(Ⅴ)的集约经营能有效提高毛竹对光能的利用能力。3)光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)3个参数均最大或最小的两种经营方式下,毛竹林具较高的适应性,表现为最大净光合能力(P_(nmax))显著高于其它经营方式毛竹林,由此推断,粗放经营(Ⅰ)或有效补充林地养分的集约经营(Ⅴ)的毛竹具有较高的光合能力。     

模拟穿透雨减少对锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)树干液流密度的影响

降水格局变化是全球气候变化的重要特征之一,未来气候变化下,较为频繁和严峻的干旱将威胁地球中纬度部分地区的森林,但森林植被如何响应季节性干旱胁迫及其机制尚不清楚。北亚热带-暖温带过渡区分布着以锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)为优势树种的落叶阔叶林,研究其水分蒸腾代谢过程对干旱的响应是评估气候变化对过渡区天然落叶阔叶林生态系统水碳影响的关键科学问题。在典型的锐齿栎天然林中通过开展模拟穿透雨减少大型野外实验,采用Granier热扩散式探针技术监测锐齿栎树干液流密度的动态变化,研究了不同径级锐齿栎树干液流密度对模拟干旱的响应规律。结果表明:(1)穿透雨减少对树干液流密度的影响呈现季节变异。在7月份,林内穿透雨减少显著降低了锐齿栎的树干液流密度,但生长季后期的10月份林内穿透雨减少反而使锐齿栎树干液流密度显著升高。(2)不同径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在生长季内对干旱有不同的响应,特别是小径级的树干液流密度与其他径级有较多的不同。小径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在5、7月份表现为减雨样地显著小于对照样地,在9、10月份则表现为减雨样地显著大于对照样地。中径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在5、10月份表现为减雨样地显著大于对照样地,在7月份则表现为减雨样地极显著小于对照样地。大径级的锐齿栎树干液流密度在6、7月份表现为减雨样地显著小于对照样地,在10月份则表现为减雨样地显著大于对照样地。     

Canopy closure estimation in a temperate forest using airborne LiDAR and LANDSAT ETM+ data

Aims　Forest canopy closure is one of the essential factors in forest survey, and plays an important role in forest ecosystem management. It is of great significance to study how to apply LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data efficiently in remote sensing estimation of forest canopy closure. LiDAR can be used to obtain data fast and accurately and therefore be used as training and validation data to estimate forest canopy closure in large spatial scale. It can compensate for the insufficiency (e.g. labor-intensive, time-consuming) of conventional ground survey, and provide foundations to forest inventory.Methods　In this study, we estimated canopy closure of a temperate forest in Genhe forest of Da Hinggan Ling area, Nei Mongol, China, using LiDAR and LANDSAT ETM+ data. Firstly, we calculated the canopy closure from ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) high density point cloud data. Then, the estimated canopy closure from ALS data was used as training and validation data to modeling and inversion from eight vegetation indices computed from LANDSAT ETM+ data. Three approaches, multi-variable stepwise regression (MSR), random forest (RF) and Cubist, were developed and tested to estimate canopy closure from these vegetation indices, respectively.Important findings The validation results showed that the Cubist model yielded the highest accuracy compared to the other two models (determination coefficient (R²) = 0.722, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.126, relative root mean square error (rRMSE) = 0.209, estimation accuracy (EA) = 79.883%). The combination of LiDAR data and LANDSAT ETM+ showed great potential to accurately estimate the canopy closure of the temperate forest. However, the model prediction capability needs to be further improved in order to be applied in larger spatial scale. More independent variables from other remotely sensed datasets, e.g. topographic data, texture information from high-resolution imagery, should be added into the model. These variables can help to reduce the influence of optical image, vegetation indices, terrain and shadow and so on. Moreover, the accuracy of the LiDAR-derived canopy closure needs to be further validated in future studies.     

浙江天童披叶茴香群落种间联结性研究

通过基于2×2列联表的种间联结分析和x2检验,对浙江天童保存较好的披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum AC.Smith)群落的种间联结性进行研究,以揭示披针叶茴香在群落中的地位及种间联结与群落稳定性的关系.结果表明:(1)群落内所有树种间总体呈显著正联结[W(49.607)>x20.0.5,32,(46.194)];群落内所有物种问显著正联结的种对数比例高于显著负联结的种对数比例,但无显著联结种对数的比例最大.这表明群落处于稳定共存的状态.(2)披针叶茴香与石楠、尖萼毛柃、苦槠、四川山矾等7种呈显著正关联,仅与枫香旱显著负联结,与多数种问联结性不显著;披针叶茼香与多数种的联结系数(AC)值人于0.5(74.3%),其中正联结种埘数明显多于负联结种埘数,表明披针叶茴香住群落中处于优势地位,与多数种群互利共存.此研究结果对制定该物种合适的就地保护措施、种群恢复以及人工规模栽培配置模式、生境的选择具有重要参考价值.     

外来木本植物入侵的生态预测与风险评价综述

外来植物引种导致的入侵已经成为当前生物多样性保育和引种工作面临的一个紧要研究课题。综述了木本植物入侵的生态预测和生态风险评价方面的国内外相关研究进展。首先介绍了目前国内外木本植物引种的概况,对木本植物入侵的生态预测基本原理做了较为详细的总结。目前比较被认可的生态预测途径主要包括编辑入侵植物名录利用入侵历史纪录预测、物种特征作为入侵的预测指标、繁殖体压力作为建群概率的决定性因素、环境匹配作为入侵潜力的预测工具及专家意见等,并对物种特征进行了归类和分析。物种特征指标主要包括物种的繁殖和快速生长性状指标、对入侵地区局部条件和干扰体系的适应性指标、生物地理分布指标等,并指出在生态预测中单独使用这些指标是不严谨的,而应当多途径互相结合验证。同时还简介了WRA等几个应用较为广泛的实用性植物入侵风险评价系统。分析了目前国内外在木本植物入侵的生态预测方面面临的一些困难,包括入侵机理的复杂性导致的预测难度增大和可信性下降,所用数据库标准的不统一和更新的困难等,指出在进行木本植物引种的生态预测和风险评价研究的同时,必须加强相关法律法规建设,重视入侵机理研究,完善相关的数据库。出于实际情况的限制,可以借鉴国际上实用性杂草风险分析和有害生物风险分析的方法,逐步建立我国的入侵风险评价系统,以满足目前对木本植物入侵的预测和风险评价的需求。     

石蒜生长对杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响

通过野外调查，研究了石蒜（Lycoris radiata）对群落杂草组成和物种多样性的影响。结果表明：石蒜的生长能减少群落中物种的种类，降低群落中杂草的密度，并减少商陆（Phytolacca aeinosa）、蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fricellia）及禾本科（Granmeae）几个物种的数量，群落的物种多样性指数降低，群落均匀度提高。群落相似度与没有石蒜分布的群落相比显著降低。说明石蒜改变了杂草的群落结构，有利于限制杂草的发生危害。     

毛竹根际可培养微生物种群多样性分析

[目的]为了了解天然毛竹林根际可培养微生物种群的多样性信息,[方法]采用稀释平板法,对浙江天目山和重庆缙云山天然毛竹林根际细菌和放线菌进行了分离,并对其16S rDNA序列进行了分析.[结果]分别从天目山和缙云山天然毛竹林根际分离得到51株和31株菌落形态差异的细菌和放线菌.16S rDNA序列分析表明,天目山和缙云山毛竹根际细菌主要包括厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,分别为40%和58%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,分别为36.7%和10.52%)、变形菌门-亚群(Alphaproteobacteria,分别为10%和5.26%)和变形菌门 --亚群(Gammaproteobacteria,分别为10%和26.32%),其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)为共同的优势菌属(分别为34.38%和42.11%).分离的菌株中,B188、B171和B152等6株与GenBank中已报道16S rRNA基因序列的相似性从90%到96%不等,可能代表着新属或种.[结论]这表明,天然毛竹林根际具有较为丰富的可培养微生物种群多样性,并存在一些潜在的新的微生物菌种资源.     

The relationship between the reduction of nonstructural carbohydrate induced by defoliator and the growth and mortality of trees

Large scale herbivorous insect outbreaks can cause death of regional forests, and the events are expected to be exacerbated with climate change. Mortality of forest and woodland plants would cause a series of serious consequences, such as decrease in vegetation production, shifts in ecosystem structure and function, and transformation of forest function from a net carbon sink into a net carbon source. There is thus a need to better understand the impact of insects on trees. Defoliation by insect pests mainly reduces photosynthesis (source decrease) and increases carbon consumption (sink increase), and hence causes reduction of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC). When the reduction in NSC reaches to a certain level, trees would die of carbon starvation. External environment and internal compensatory mechanisms can also positively or negatively influence the process of tree death. At present, the research of carbon starvation is a hotspot because the increase of tree mortality globally with climate change, and carbon starvation is considered as one of the dominating physiological mechanisms for explaining tree death. In this study, we reviewed the definition of carbon starvation, and the relationships between the reduction of NSC induced by defoliation and the growth and death of trees, and the relationships among insect outbreaks, leaf loss and climate change. We also presented the potential directions of future studies on insect-caused defoliation and tree mortality.