Responses of growth and litterfall production to nitrogen addition treatments from common shrublands in Mt. Dongling,Beijing, China

Aims The shrublands of northern China have poor soil and nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly increased the local soil available N for decades. Shrub growth is one of important components of C sequestration in shrublands and litterfall acts as a vital link between plants and soil. Both are key factors in nutrient and energy cycling of terrestrial ecosystems, which greatly affected by nitrogen (N) addition (adding N fertilizer to the surface soil directly). However, the effects and significance of N addition on C sequestration and litterfall in shrublands remain unclear. Thus, a study was designed to investigate how N deposition and related treatments affected shrublands growth related to C sequestration and litterfall production of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Spiraea salicifolia in Mt. Dongling region of China.
Methods A N enrichment experiment has been conducted for V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, including four N addition treatment levels (control (N₀, 0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1), low N (N₁, 20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1), medium N (N₂, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) and high N (N₃, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)). Basal diameter and plant height of shrub were measured from 2012-2013 within all treatments, and allometric models for different species of shrub’s live branch, leaf and root biomass were developed based on independent variables of basal diameter and plant height, which will be used to calculate biomass increment of shrub layer. Litterfall (litterfall sometimes is named litter, referring to the collective name for all organic matter produced by the aboveground part of plants and returned to the surface, and mainly includes leaves, bark, dead twigs, flowers and fruits.) also was investigated from 2012-2013 within all treatments.
Important findings The results showed 1) mean basal diameter of shrubs in the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands were increased by 1.69%, 2.78%, 2.51%, 1.80% and 1.38%, 1.37%, 1.59%, 2.05% every year; 2) The height growth rate (the shrub height relative growth rate is defined with the percentage increase of plant height) of shrubs in the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands were 8.36%, 8.48%, 9.49%, 9.83% and 2.12%, 2.86%, 2.36%, 2.52% every year, respectively. Thee results indicated that N deposition stimulated growth of shrub layer both in V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands, but did not reach statistical significance among all nitrogen treatments. The above-ground biomass increment of shrub layer in the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia shrublands were 0.19, 0.23, 0.14, 0.15 and 0.027, 0.025, 0.032, 0.041 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 respectively, which demonstrated that short-term N addition had no significant effects on the accumulation of C storage of the two shrublands. The litter production of the V. negundo var. heterophylla and S. salicifolia communities in 2013 were 135.7 and 129.6 g·m^-2 under natural conditions, respectively. Nitrogen addition promoted annual production of total litterfall and different components of litterfall to a certain extent, but did not reach statistical significance among all nitrogen treatments. Above results indicated that short-term fertilization, together with extremely low soil moisture content and other related factors, lead to inefficient use of soil available nitrogen and slow response of shrublands to N addition treatments.     

转Bt基因棉叶片表面特性与棉蚜取食行为的关系：非靶效应的个案研究

本文选择转Bt基因棉和其非靶生物棉蚜（Aphis gossypii）作为研究对象，对转Bt基因棉的生态安全性进行个案评价．利用刺探电位技术（electrical penetration graph，EPG）、光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察、生物测定和化学分析等手段，研究了两种转Bt基因棉花（GK12和GK19）及其常规棉亲本泗棉3号叶片表面的物理和化学特征以及棉蚜在棉叶上的搜寻行为．EPG结果显示棉蚜在3种棉株上的取食搜寻行为存在差异；生物测定实验中，棉蚜对3种棉花叶片表面淋洗物的反应没有显著差异；对棉花叶片表面化学物质进行分析后发现，3种棉株的叶表面化学物质的成分和含量基本一致；但在光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察下发现3种棉花叶片叶毛的密度存在显著差异．利用多元回归方法建立了叶片的物理特征和棉蚜的搜寻行为之间的相互关系模型，由模型可知腺毛和分支为5的覆盖毛对棉蚜的搜寻行为有明显的影响，其他分支的覆盖毛对棉蚜的影响关系较为复杂．由以上结果可以得出结论，所研究的这两种转Bt基因棉表面的物理特征异于其亲本，且这种差异会影响转Bt基因棉的非靶昆虫棉蚜在其上的取食刺探行为，棉蚜在两种Bt棉上较容易进行刺探和取食．     

浙江饮用水源地浮游动物体积多样性及水质响应

为了解浙江饮用水源地浮游动物体积多样性及对水体综合营养状态（TLIc值）的响应特征，对16个饮用水源地（H1-H8为河网型，K1-K8为水库型）展开了水质参数、浮游动物群落生物体积及其多样性指数的季节调查。结果表明，生物体积密度的季节变化以1月（0.681 mL/L）> 4月（0.443 mL/L）> 10月（0.252 mL/L）> 7月（0.229 mL/L），各季的第一优势种分别为汤匙华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus dorrii）（1月）、晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna sp.）（4月）、粗壮温剑水蚤（Thermocyclops dybowskii）（7月）和长额象鼻溞（Bosmina longirostris）（10月）。河网浮游动物生物体积以轮虫（44.6%）和枝角类（23.4%）为主，水库则以哲水蚤（39.5%）和轮虫（29.0%）为主。夏秋季浮游动物体积多样性指数（P < 0.01）和物种多样性指数（P < 0.05）与lg（浮游动物/浮游植物生物量比率）[lg（ZB:PB）]之间均有显著的相关性，水库中仅浮游甲壳动物体积多样性指数与lg（ZB:PB）之间有极其紧密的相关性（R2=0.77）。与物种多样性指数响应环境效应相比，甲壳动物的体积多样性指数（P < 0.01）能更好地指示夏秋季河网的TLIc值，这归因于甲壳动物个体数（ind./L）转换成了生物体积密度（mL/L）过程中有效信息的放大。     

化学物质的生物监测方法及其在环境管理中的应用

随着我国国家经济实力的增加和国民环境意识的提高，环境问题引起了更多的关注。特别是近些年来，工业污染导致的区域性癌症群体性高发报道逐渐增多，引起了我国政府对环境污染与健康危害问题的高度关注。近几年来国家财政也在环境保护领域加大了投入预算，特别是在污染物质监测和控制技术方面．并获得了大气、水、土壤等环境介质，甚至人体体内有毒有害物质浓度水平数据。     

啮齿类取食的物种偏好与时空格局

通过强烈消耗土壤种子库，动物取食种子对植物种群更新和群落动态产生深远的影响。一般认为种子被食概率的空间格局取决于种子密度和离母树的距离，而环境（如地形）异质性的影响则一直没有得到足够的关注，与此相关的机制及其影响程度亦不清楚。研究设计在野外埋放种子以模拟种子扩散后的情形，监测啮齿类对种子的取食，以检验种子取食受埋藏生境、时间及动物对种子种类的偏好等因素的影响。结果表明，经过1a实验，8种落叶阔叶树种子的累计取食概率为0～48．25％，平均值为20％；山顶部位的取食概率大致是其它部位概率的3倍；埋放在凋落物层中的种子被食概率大约为埋放在土壤层中概率的2倍。利用logistic回归模型进行统计分析表明，种子被食概率变化的45％可以被上述因素解释。其中，物种偏好是影响种子被取食概率的首要因素，其后依次是地形、埋藏时间和深度。啮齿类明显喜好较大的种子；其取食行为在山脊部位明显较其它部位更频繁和剧烈；对埋藏种子的取食从3月份开始加剧，到7月份以后平息下来。种子埋放深度对啮齿类的取食概率有显著影响。     

转小鼠金属硫蛋白-Ⅰ基因聚球藻7002的生长潜力分析

以野生聚球藻7002为对照, 从室温吸收光谱、光合放氧速率、生长动力学参数以及气升式光生物反应器中的生长特性阐述了转小鼠金属硫蛋白-Ⅰ基因聚球藻7002的生长优势和培养潜力。结果表明: 转MT聚球藻室温可见光光谱吸收峰比野生藻略高; 最大净光合速率和饱和光强比野生藻高, 呼吸速率和补偿光强比野生藻低; 转MT聚球藻摇瓶培养的最大细胞浓度为野生藻的1.74倍, 具有较高的细胞生长速率; 气升式光生物反应器有利于转MT基因聚球藻生长潜力的发挥。     

基于能值改进的开放系统生态足迹模型及其应用——以深圳市为例

对生态经济复合系统综合评价是实现区域可持续发展首先要面对的科学问题.针对传统生态足迹模型的系统封闭性和空间互斥性等不合理假设,利用从系统论出发并具有基于流量算法优点的能值分析理论,对传统生态足迹模型加以改进,同时将人类劳务纳入系统评价.改进后的模型仍然从供给与需求角度分析区域消费足迹与承载力,强调区域资源进出口,分析开放系统条件下区域发展状况,并将人类的作用纳入可持续发展评价范畴.以深圳市2006年发展状况为例对改进模型进行实证分析.计算结果显示:研究区域具有48.08ghm2的人均潜在生态承载力;在生物生产账户上存在3.60ghm2的人均生态赤字,需进口来弥补,而在工业产品账户上3.14ghm2的人均盈余,可供出口;具有约4.87ghm2的人均净承载力出口,为其他区域的发展做出了贡献;人力资源是深圳市可持续发展的重要保障,至少提供相当5.20ghm2的人均生态承载力;发展高新技术产业、低能耗的清洁工业,产出高能值转换率的产品,实现区域本地产品在能量系统等级的提升,是提升本地承载力的现实途径.结果表明,改进后模型突破了传统生态足迹模型偏生态的弱可持续性评价局限,成为综合反映区域生态经济发展状况的可持续性评价模型.     

麦草畏对小麦幼苗生长、细胞分裂和核酸代谢的影响

小麦种子经麦草畏处理后,其萌发率降低,萌发胚的生活力下降;幼苗期处理时,生长和根分生区细胞有丝分裂受抑制,染色体发生畸变,根中RNA和DNA含量增高。     

2003年国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛实验考试试题(3)

参赛的考生：在“动物形态、解剖和系统学”的实验中，你们将要完成3个试题：