古田山常绿阔叶林凋落量时间动态及冰雪灾害的影响

2006年10月至2009年12月期间,我们通过对古田山24 ha常绿阔叶林动态样地169个种子雨收集器的凋落物进行烘干、分类、称量和数据分析,研究了凋落量的组成特征和时间动态,以及受2008年2月特大冰雪灾害的影响.2007年和2009年凋落量分别为532.05 g/m2和375.17 g/m2,年际变化显著,这与2008年的冰雪灾害有关.2007年古田山常绿阔叶林各组分在凋落量中所占比例依次为:叶(78.99%)>枝(14.69%)>皮(3-33%)>其他(2.99%);叶凋落量中各组分所占比例依次为:常绿阔叶树种叶(78.70%)>落叶阔叶树种叶(12.37%)>针叶树种叶(8.92%),其中甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和短柄袍(Quercus serrata vat.brevipetiolata)4个优势种年凋落量合计占叶凋落总量的71.36%,它们的动态直接影响着凋落总量的变化格局.凋落量高峰发生在春季(4月)和秋冬季(10月末至12月初),其中总凋落量、叶凋落量动态呈双峰型,枝条凋落量和树皮凋落量动态为不规则峰型,其他凋落量动态为单峰型.冰雪灾害后总凋落量、叶凋落量、枝条凋落量显著减少(P<0.05),其中甜槠、杨梅叶蚊母树(Distylium myricoides)叶凋落最显著减少(P<0.05)、木荷叶凋落量减少达到边缘显著水平(P<0.1),这也反映了冰亏灾害期间森林群落的受损情况.其他凋落量(主要成分为虫粪)在4B份增加极其显著(P<0.01),说明灾后植物的枝叶出现了补偿性生长.     

棕黑锦蛇的研究概况及保护问题

本文对棕黑锦蛇（Elaphe schrenckii）进行分类学等研究,棕黑锦蛇被认为包含两个亚种：指名亚种（Elaphe s.schrenckii）和赤峰亚种（Elaphe s.anomala）,但也有学者将后者提升为种,即赤峰锦蛇（Elaphe anomala）.有关该种分类问题,仍需要进一步综合考虑形态学和分子系统学分类研究.作为我国东北和华北地区体形最大的蛇种,棕黑锦蛇具有重要的生态和经济价值,但目前对其生物学特性和生态学研究极为有限,人工驯养繁育技术不成熟,过度利用导致野外种群遭到严重破坏.建议加强棕黑锦蛇生态学和人工繁育技术的研究,为有效保护和可持续利用提供科学依据.     

废电池浸出液对蚕豆种子萌发和根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

以蚕豆种子为材料,采用水培方法研究废电池浸出液对蚕豆种子萌发及根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响。结果表明,不同浓度废电池浸出液对蚕豆根、芽的萌发及根尖细胞有丝分裂都产生一定程度的抑制作用,并随着浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增大,同时微核率也快速上升。本试验表明,较高浓度的废电池浸出液是毒性很强的溶液,属重度污染液。     

KT和NAA对黄芪带芽茎段增殖、愈伤诱导和生根的影响

通过建立组织培养快繁体系,探讨KT和NAA对膜荚黄芪茎段诱导生成新生茎、愈伤组织及生根的影响。KT/NAA值为4时,对茎的诱导作用明显,获得最多的茎平均数(11.7条)。NAA促进愈伤组织形成,在1 mg/L NAA作用下最大的平均直径为1.4 cm,多为白色。根生于白色愈伤组织,并受NAA促进、KT抑制。1 mg/L NAA对根数、根长和次级根数均有促进作用,但对根粗有抑制作用。     

Soil phosphorus fractions and tree phosphorus resorption in pine forests along an urban-to-rural gradient in Nanchang, China

Urbanization has been rapid across the world but the responses of phosphorus (P) cycling to urbanization have not been well-investigated. This study was to understand the influences of rapid urbanization on forest P cycling in a developing country. Soil P fractions and P resportion were determined for nine slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) forests along a 30-km long urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang City, southern China. The total P stocks in the surface soils in urban and suburban forests were 317% and 182% higher, respectively, than levels found in rural forests. The concentrations of soil available P, labile P, slow P, occluded P and total extractable P were also much higher in urban and suburban forests than in rural forests (P?<?0.05). Soil weathered P concentrations were highest in urban forests. Annual mean foliar P concentrations were enhanced in urban and suburban forests compared to rural forests. The P resorption efficiency (PRE) was higher in rural forests than in suburban and urban forests, while the P resorption proficiency (PRP) was lower in rural forests than in suburban and urban forests. Urbanization associated with high extraneous P inputs has altered soil P status and plant P uptake. Foliar P concentration, PRE and PRP were largely dependent on soil P availability in our study forests.     

High-efficiency vitrification protocols for cryopreservation of in vitro grown shoot tips of rare and endangered plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Emmenopterys henryi</Emphasis> Oliv.

In vitro-grown shoot tips of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. were successfully cryopreserved by vitrification. Shoot tips excised from 3-month old plantlets were precultured in a liquid hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 M sucrose for 3 days at 25°C and then treated with a mixture of 2 M glycerol plus 0.4 M sucrose (LS solution) for 40 min at 25°C. Osmo-protected shoot tips were first dehydrated with 60% vitrification solution (PVS₂) for 30 min at 0°C and followed by 100% PVS₂ for 40 min at 0°C. After changing the solution with fresh 100% PVS₂, the shoot tips were directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. After rapid warming in a water-bath at 40°C for 2 min, the shoot tips were washed for 20 min at 25°C with liquid MS medium containing 1.2 M sucrose and then transferred onto solid MS medium supplemented with kinetin 2 mg l⁻¹, α-naphthaleneacetic acid 0.1 mg l⁻¹, 3% (w/v) sucrose and 0.75% (w/v) agar. The shoot tips were kept in the dark for 7 days prior to exposure to the light (12 h photoperiod cycle). Direct shoot elongation was observed in approximately 12 days. The regeneration rate was approximately 75–85%. This method appears to be a promising technique for cryopreserving shoot tips of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. germplasm.     

水稻矮秆突变体dtl1的分离鉴定及其突变基因的精细定位

文章通过对所构建的水稻突变体库进行大规模筛选,获得一个稳定遗传的矮秆突变体,与野生型日本晴相比,该突变体表现为植株矮化、叶片卷曲、分蘖减少和不育等性状,命名为dtl1(dwarf and twist leaf 1)。dtl1属于nl型矮秆,激素检测表明,矮秆性状与赤霉素和油菜素内酯无关。遗传分析显示,突变性状受单一隐性核基因控制。利用dtl1与籼稻品种Taichung Native 1杂交构建F2群体,将该突变基因DTL1定位于水稻第10染色体长臂2个SSR标记RM25923和RM6673之间约70.4 kb区域内,并与InDel标记Z10-29共分离,在该区域预测有13个候选基因,但未见调控水稻株高相关基因的报道,因此,认为DTL1基因是一个新的控制水稻株高的基因。     

Risks of Avian Influenza Transmission in Areas of Intensive Free-Ranging Duck Production with Wild Waterfowl

For decades, southern China has been considered to be an important source for emerging influenza viruses since key hosts live together in high densities in areas with intensive agriculture. However, the underlying conditions of emergence and spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) have not been studied in detail, particularly the complex spatiotemporal interplay of viral transmission between wild and domestic ducks, two major actors of AIV epidemiology. In this synthesis, we examine the risks of avian influenza spread in Poyang Lake, an area of intensive free-ranging duck production and large numbers of wild waterfowl. Our synthesis shows that farming of free-grazing domestic ducks is intensive in this area and synchronized with wild duck migration. The presence of juvenile domestic ducks in harvested paddy fields prior to the arrival and departure of migrant ducks in the same fields may amplify the risk of AIV circulation and facilitate the transmission between wild and domestic populations. We provide evidence associating wild ducks migration with the spread of H5N1 in the spring of 2008 from southern China to South Korea, Russia, and Japan, supported by documented wild duck movements and phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sequences. We suggest that prevention measures based on a modification of agricultural practices may be implemented in these areas to reduce the intensity of AIV transmission between wild and domestic ducks. This would require involving all local stakeholders to discuss feasible and acceptable solutions.     

Narrowband Light Total Antireflection and Absorption in Metal Film–Array Structures by Plasmonic Near-Field Coupling

We study the cooperative effects between plasmon gap modes and optical cavity modes of a novel triple-layer structure consisting of double continuous gold films separated by a gold nanosphere array. Narrowband near-perfect antireflection of optical field is achieved for the first time due to the strong near-field light–matter interaction within the deep sub-wavelength gaps between adjacent nanospheres combined with the spatial field confinement effects of the optical cavity built by the double gold films. The coexistence cooperation of near-field dipole plasmon resonances and spatial optical field confinement presents more efficient light modification than that of the individual subsystem and may open a new approach to manage light flow. By varying the period of nanosphere array, the diameter of nanospheres, and the distance between the array and the film, optical behaviors of the proposed structure can be tuned in a wide range. High environmental sensitivity and large figure of merit factor are obtained using this structure as the detecting substrate. Furthermore, ultra-compact structure and high conduction suggest the proposed structure being a good candidate for potential applications in highly integrated optoelectronic devices, such as plasmonic filters and sensors.     

Effects of Litter Inputs on N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from a Tropical Rainforest in Southwest China

Litter inputs are expected to have a strong impact on soil N₂O efflux. This study aimed to assess the effects of the litter decomposition process and nutrient efflux from litter to soil on soil N₂O efflux in a tropical rainforest. A paired study with a control (L) treatment and a litter-removed (NL) treatment was followed for 2 years, continuously monitoring the effects of these treatments on soil N₂O efflux, fresh litter input, decomposed litter carbon (LCI) and nitrogen (LNI), soil nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺–N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved nitrogen (DN). Soil N₂O flux was 0.48 and 0.32 kg N₂O–N ha^?1 year^?1 for the L and NL treatments, respectively. Removing the litter caused a decrease in the annual soil N₂O emission by 33%. The flux values from the litter layer were higher in the rainy season as compared to the dry season (2.10 ± 0.28 vs. 1.44 ± 0.35 μg N m^?2 h^?1). The N₂O fluxes were significantly correlated with the soil NO₃ ^?–N contents (P < 0.05), indicating that the N₂O emission was derived mainly from denitrification as well as other NO₃ ^? reduction processes. Suitable soil temperature and moisture sustained by rainfall were jointly attributed to the higher soil N₂O fluxes of both treatments in the rainy season. The N₂O fluxes from the L were mainly regulated by LCI, whereas those from the NL were dominated jointly by soil NO₃ ^? content and temperature. The effects of LCI and LNI on the soil N₂O fluxes were the greatest in the 2 months after litter decomposition. Our results show that litter may affect not only the variability in the quantity of N₂O emitted, but also the mechanisms that govern N₂O production. However, further studies are still required to elucidate the impacting mechanisms of litter decomposition on N₂O emission from tropical forests.