遥感技术在大亚湾区域土地利用类型监测中的应用

文章综合利用了Landsat系列卫星不同传感器(MSS、TM、ETM )的遥感资料对1979至2004年20多年间的大亚湾周边的植被陆地、非植被陆地以及水域等土地利用类型的相关变化进行了定量监测与评估。遥感监测结果表明,在过去的二十多年间,大亚湾周边植被覆盖总体保持相对稳定,但非植被陆地由1991年的5.1%左右上升到2004年的10.5%左右,水体面积也相应降低了5%左右,表现出“人进水退”的总体变化格局,该变化特征与该区域过去的环境政策、经济活动发展历程有关。通过将人类对区域环境影响的方式、力度和土地利用类型的变化建立一种对应关系,可以预测以后的开发建设活动对土地利用类型的影响,并应用到区域环境影响评价中去。     

Decolorization of triphenylmethane, azo, and anthraquinone dyes by a newly isolated Aeromonas hydrophila strain

A broad-spectrum dye-decolorizing bacterium, strain DN322, was isolated from activated sludge of a textile printing wastewater treatment plant. The strain was characterized and identified as a member of Aeromonas hydrophila based on Gram staining, morphology characters, biochemical tests, and nearly complete sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene and the gyrase subunit beta gene (gyrB). Strain DN322 decolorized a variety of synthetic dyes, including triphenylmethane, azo, and anthraquinone dyes. For color removal, the most suitable pH and temperature were pH 5.0–10.0 and 25–37°C, respectively. Triphenylmethane dye, e.g., Crystal Violet, Basic Fuchsin, Brilliant Green, and Malachite Green (50 mg l⁻¹) were decolorized more than 90% within 10 h under aerobic culture condition and Crystal Violet could be used as sole carbon source and energy source for cell growth. The color removal of triphenylmethane dyes was due to a soluble cytosolic enzyme, and the enzyme was an NADH/NADPH-dependent oxygenase; For azo and anthraquinone dyes, e.g., Acid Amaranth, Great Red GR, Reactive Red KE-3B, and Reactive Brilliant Blue K-GR (50 mg l⁻¹) could be decolorized more than 85% within 36 h under anoxic condition. This strain may be useful for bioremediation applications.     

刈割时间和次数对牧草产量和品质的影响

研究了刈割时间和频率对牧草产量和品质的影响，结果表明：刈割间隔时间的延长使牧草的茎／叶比值和粗纤维含量显著增加，粗蛋白、粗灰分、Ｐ、Ｋ等的含量显著下降，其中Ｋ下降的幅度最大，其次是粗灰分、粗蛋白和Ｐ等．刈割时间对粗脂肪、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的含量影响不大，没有统计学上的差异．适宜的刈割频率可提高牧草的产量和质量，隔５０－５５ｄ收割１次，可使牧草的产量和质量均维持较高的水平，隔５７ｄ割１次，牧草的蛋白质含量略有下降，而粗纤维含量却有不同程度的上升．     

Overexpression of AtNHX5 improves tolerance to both salt and water stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Overexpression of NHX genes has been previously shown to improve salt tolerance of transgenic plants. In this study, transgenic rice plants overexpressing AtNHX5 showed not only high salt tolerance, but also high drought tolerance. Measurements of ion levels indicated that Na⁺ and K⁺ contents were all higher in AtNHX5 overexpressing shoots than in wild type (WT) shoots in high saline conditions. After exposure to water deficiency and salt stress, the WT plants all died, while the AtNHX5 overexpressing rice plants had a higher survival rate, dry weight, leaf water content, and leaf chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline, and had less membrane damage than the WT plants. In addition, seeds of both transgenic and WT plants germinated on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 250 mM mannitol, but overexpression of AtNHX5 improved the shoot growth of the seedlings. Taken together, the results indicate that AtNHX5 gene could enhance the tolerance of rice plants to multiple environmental stresses by promoting the accumulation of more effective osmolytes (ions or proline) to counter the osmotic stress caused by abiotic factors.     

极小种群植物水松群落系统发育多样性分析

极小种群植物水松（Glyptostrobus pensilis（Staunton ex D.Don）K.Koch）是著名的孑遗植物，被列为我国Ⅰ级重点保护和极小种群野生植物，在IUCN红色名录中被评估为"极危"等级，且种群数量仍在继续减少。水松主要分布于我国华南和东南地区以及越南和老挝。本研究对我国42个水松种群周边植被、种群健康状况、群落干扰类型、外来植物入侵状况等进行了调查，采用系统发育多样性相关指数对该物种所在群落进行了研究。结果显示，系统发育多样性指数对水松种群状况具有一定的指示性，人为干扰对所在群落的影响越严重，种群的健康状况愈差；具有较高系统发育多样性水平（PD值）的群落内水松种群状况良好；入侵物种的存在会使群落系统发育结构聚集，系统发育多样性水平降低。因此，在对水松种群进行保护时，要尽量减少群落中人为恶性干扰因素和外来植物的入侵威胁，以增强水松种群和个体的健康水平，维持群落系统发育的多样性，从而提高水松种群抵抗力和恢复力的稳定性。     

Genetic variation and natural hybridization among sympatric <Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinidia</Emphasis> species and the implications for introgression breeding of kiwifruit

The overlapping ranges of closely related species provide a natural setting for the investigation of reticulate hybridization and other evolutionary processes. In the present study, we examined the pattern of genetic variation and interspecific gene flow in seven Actinidia species across ten localities in which sympatry among at least two species occurs. Our results showed that 48.7% of the alleles across the nine nuclear microsatellite loci examined were shared among the seven Actinidia species. Moreover, at the species level, Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa exhibited the highest genetic similarity, with a large percentage of shared alleles (P _s = 81.3%) and a significant consistency between the distribution frequency of their allele sizes (r = 0.859, P = 0.045). Yet, the genetic distinctions between species are obvious except for the species pair A. chinensis and A. deliciosa. Interspecific introgression was detected among the two main species pairs (Actinidia latifolia–Actinidia eriantha and A. chinensis–A. deliciosa), but more apparent in the latter in which 30% of the A. chinensis individuals and 49% of the A. deliciosa individuals showed genetic admixture in the STRUCTURE analysis. Possibly active hybrid zones relating to the two main species pairs were discussed at last, which are expected to pave the way for the introgression breeding of kiwifruit from natural sympatric populations.     

Expression and characterization of the chitinases from Serratia marcescens GEI strain for the control of Varroa destructor, a honey bee parasite

Serratia marcescens GEI strain was isolated from the gut of the workers of Chinese honey bee Apis cerana and evaluated in the laboratory for the control of Varroa destructor, a parasite of western honey bee A. mellifera. The supernatant and the collected proteins by ammonium sulfate from the bacterial cultures showed a strong miticidal effect on the female mites, with 100% mite mortality in 5 days. Heat (100 °C for 10 min) and proteinase K treatment of the collected proteins destroyed the miticidal activity. The improved miticial activity of this bacterial strain on chitin medium indicated the involvement of chitinases. The expressed chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC1 from S. marcescens GEI by recombinant Escherichia coli showed pathogenicity against the mites in the laboratory. These chitinases were active in a broad pH range (5-9) and the optimum temperatures were between 60 and 75 °C. Synergistic effects of ChiA and ChiB on the miticidal activity against V. destructor were observed. The workers of both honey bee species were not sensitive to the spraying and feeding chitinases. These results provided alternative control strategies for Varroa mites, by formulating chitinase agents and by constructing transgenetic honey bees.