苹果炭疽叶枯病菌致病力分析及苹果种质抗病性鉴定

苹果炭疽叶枯病是由胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的一种真菌病害,现已上升为世界苹果生产中的主要病害之一。了解不同来源的苹果炭疽叶枯病菌致病力差异及明确苹果种质资源对苹果炭疽叶枯病的抗性,对品种选育、品种合理布局以及控制病害的流行具有重要的参考价值。本研究对不同来源的79株病原菌进行了室内致病力测定,获知该菌致病力差异明显,其中强致病力菌株所占比例大。同时,本研究也对327份苹果种质资源进行了室内抗病性鉴定,其中高抗资源160份,中抗资源6份,中感资源22份,高感资源139份。表明我国现保存的苹果种质资源中存在丰富抗病种质。进一步按苹果分类系统分析发现,抗病资源在当前栽培的主要品种群中均有分布,特别是红玉品种群、富士品种群抗病资源最为丰富。     

Advantages of genome sequencing by long-read sequencer using SMRT technology in medical area

PacBio RS II is the first commercialized third-generation DNA sequencer able to sequence a single molecule DNA in real-time without amplification. PacBio RS II’s sequencing technology is novel and unique, enabling the direct observation of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase. PacBio RS II confers four major advantages compared to other sequencing technologies: long read lengths, high consensus accuracy, a low degree of bias, and simultaneous capability of epigenetic characterization. These advantages surmount the obstacle of sequencing genomic regions such as high/low G+C, tandem repeat, and interspersed repeat regions. Moreover, PacBio RS II is ideal for whole genome sequencing, targeted sequencing, complex population analysis, RNA sequencing, and epigenetics characterization. With PacBio RS II, we have sequenced and analyzed the genomes of many species, from viruses to humans. Herein, we summarize and review some of our key genome sequencing projects, including full-length viral sequencing, complete bacterial genome and almost-complete plant genome assemblies, and long amplicon sequencing of a disease-associated gene region. We believe that PacBio RS II is not only an effective tool for use in the basic biological sciences but also in the medical/clinical setting.     

基于指标自动筛选的新疆开孔河流域生态健康评价

生态健康评价对了解区域生态健康状况和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义,如何自动筛选出能反映生态系统特性的重要指标,是生态健康定量评估的关键问题。基于压力-状态-响应(PSR,Press-State-Response)框架和生态等级网络框架(EHN,Ecological Hierarchy Network),通过文献调研和因果分析建立要素层与指标层之间的交叉联系,构建了生态健康评价"网状"指标体系;在保证指标体系完备性基础上,通过结合主成分分析和熵权法的候选指标权重的客观计算,基于目标优化理论构建了评价指标的自动筛选模型,并基于中选指标计算了新疆开孔河流域2001—2017年生态健康指数(EHCI,Ecological Health Comprehensive Indexes),分析其空间分异和时间变化特征。结果表明:利用所建立的评价指标自动筛选模型,开孔河流域生态健康评价指标由31个候选指标自动筛选出了17个中选指标,用54.8%的指标表达了85.98%的信息,中选的17个指标在干旱/半干旱区域有关文献中应用较多,使用频次比例都在20%以上,其中归一化植被指数(NDVI,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)、年降水量和植被覆盖度(FVC,Fractional Vegetation Coverage)3个指标的使用频次百分比均超过了50%,说明指标自动筛选模型的合理性;开孔河流域空间分布差异显著,总体上西北高、东南低,东南部和中部绿洲区外围生态健康状况较差,西北部河谷地带和中部两大绿洲区生态健康状况较好;17年来,流域生态质量整体趋于改善,显著改善区域占10.26%,远高于显著退化的1.61%,显著改善区域以孔雀河绿洲最为明显。开孔河流域生态健康的总体好转趋势说明区域生态综合治理取得一定成效。     

Research and application of Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in China

Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an effective parasitoid of many lepidopteran pests in China. Specifically, C. cunea has successfully suppressed populations of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), an invasive and quarantined pest in China. Fall webworm biological control programmes in China have been aided by the development of artificial rearing technology for C. cunea. While researchers have determined some aspects of this parasitoid’s biology, such as fecundity and ratio of female offspring, as well as rearing methods, there was less information on the behavioural and ecological mechanisms by which C. cunea regulates host populations. Here, we review the research and application of C. cunea since it was first discovered in China.     

水杨柳根D_(101)树脂提取物保肝降酶作用的实验研究

目的研究水杨柳根D_(101)树脂提取物(HRE)对肝损伤模型动物的保护作用。方法取小鼠行连续灌胃给予50%白酒30天制造酒精性肝损伤模型,于小鼠腹腔注射CCl_4制造急性肝损伤模型,每周2次于大鼠腹腔连续注射CCl_430天制造慢性肝损伤模型,然后分别测定各动物血清ALT和AST水平。结果在酒精性和CCl_4慢性肝损伤动物模型中,HRE高、中剂量组(小鼠为2.7g/kg,1.8g/kg;大鼠为3.9g/kg,2.6g/kg)均能显著降低血清ALT和AST水平(P0.01或P0.05);在CCl_4急性肝损模型小鼠中,HRE高、中剂量组(2.7g/kg,1.8g/kg)也能显著降低血清ALT和AST水平(P0.01或P0.05)。结论水杨柳根的D_(101)树脂提取物的主要成分为黄酮、多糖和皂苷,具有保肝降酶作用,且随剂量增加而增强。     

Seasonal changes in the biomass of floating leaved plant,Trapa spp., and its relation with a leaf beetle,Galerucella nipponensis,in Lake Inba,Japan

Limnology - Trapa spp. dominate many shallow eutrophic lakes in Japan, which must affect the nutrient dynamics in lakes. Trapa spp. are utilized by several animals, in particular the leaf beetle,...     

烟气脱硫石膏对滨海农耕土壤磷素形态组成的影响

为探明不同烟气脱硫石膏施用量对滨海农耕土壤中的全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分等的影响,通过田间试验的方式,分别在试验区土壤中施加0t/hm~2、15t/hm~2、30t/hm~2、45t/hm~2烟气脱硫石膏。研究结果表明:与对照组相比,各处理组的土壤全磷含量无显著差异,而土壤中的有效磷和渗滤液中的可溶性磷含量则随着烟气脱硫石膏施入量的增加而降低;施入烟气脱硫石膏后农耕土壤中无机磷含量显著增加,其中又以磷酸钙盐含量的增加为主,磷酸钙盐中的Ca2-P、Ca_8-P和Ca_10-P含量分别增加了30.8%—68.9%、35.2%—66.3%和7.3%—17.8%。烟气脱硫石膏的施用促进了植物的生长发育,有效磷的降低和无机磷组分中磷酸钙盐的增加并未影响到植物对磷素的吸收。因此,烟气脱硫石膏能有效地固定滨海农耕土壤中的溶解态磷,控制土壤过量磷素向水体迁移,降低附近水体富营养化发生的机率,保障区域水体生态系统环境安全。     

太平洋克拉里昂-克利伯顿断裂带嘴刺目线虫多样性

从太平洋深海克拉里昂-克利伯顿断裂带(Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone,简称CC区)4个站位采集的深海沉积物样品中检出26条嘴刺目(Enoplida)线虫个体。综合应用形态学和分子生物学方法,共鉴定嘴刺目线虫6科8属,其中尖口线虫科(Oxystominidae)个体数量最多,占总数的57.7%,其次为前感线虫科(Anticomidae,19.2%)、光皮线虫科(Phanodermatidae,7.7%)、钩线虫科(Oncholaimidae,7.7%)、烙线虫科(Ironidae,3.8%)和矛线虫科(Enchelidiidae,3.8%)。科、属组成与相邻站点同期采样所获的线虫近似,而丰度组成比例有所差异。分子生物学方法获得了线虫rRNA基因序列16条,经Gen Bank数据库比对,其与已有的序列相似性范围为94%—99%,以此为依据可确定到科的水平和大部分属的水平(84.6%)。DNA条形码比对结果和形态学鉴定结果有较高一致性,表明分子条形码技术可作为深海线虫鉴定的有效手段。系统发育分析结果显示,基于18S和28S rRNA基因序列,采用不同方法构建系统发育树,其分支结构基本一致;钩线虫科和矛线虫科聚类在一起,光皮线虫科和前感线虫科聚类在一起,显示出彼此间较近的遗传关系。