Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals induced apoptosis via bcl-2 and p53 pathway in hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes

Twotypesofcellulardemisecanoccursimultaneouslyintissuesorculturedcellbynecrosisandapoptosis.Lossofmembraneintegrity,celledemaandbreak,andthecellcomponentsre-leasedoutarethecharacteristicsofnecrosis.Whilethecellapoptosisisaprogramcelldeathcodedbygeneandactivatedseriousendogenousenzymes[1].Recentstudieshavedemonstratedthatmyocardialischemia-reperfusioninjuryresultedinapoptoticcelldeathinadditiontotissuenecrosis[2—4].Oxygenstressisoneofthereasonsthatcausedcellapoptosisandtheoxygenradicalsinthest…     

一氧化氮和氧自由基诱导缺氧再给氧心肌细胞凋亡的bcl-2和p53信号通路研究

观察了心肌缺氧再给氧损伤的一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)和氧自由基机制. 新生Wistar大鼠心肌细胞置于95% N₂ /5% CO₂环境培养24 h, 然后置于95% O₂ /5% CO₂环境培养4 h造成缺氧再给氧心肌细胞损伤模型. 单纯缺氧组心肌细胞置于95% N₂/5% CO₂环境培养24 h, 但不再给氧. NO供体硝普钠(SNP, 5 mmol/L)、NO合酶抑制剂Nw-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME, 100 mmol/L)和其异构体Nw-硝基-D-精氨酸甲酯(D-NAME, 100 mmol/L)以及超氧化物歧化酶/过氧化氢酶(SOD/CAT, 各100 U/mL)分别于缺氧前加入培养基. 正常对照组心肌细胞置于95% 空气/5% CO₂环境下培养. 结果显示, 缺氧24 h能增加培养介质中NO, 硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平, 再给氧降低培养介质中NO和 水平, 增加TBARS和LDH水平. 缺氧上调bcl-2和p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 而再给氧下调bcl-2蛋白表达水平, 上调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平. 同时, 缺氧增加心肌细胞凋亡率, 而再给氧增加心肌细胞坏死率. NO供体硝普钠(SNP)增加培养介质中 和TBARS水平, 下调bcl-2蛋白表达而上调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 增加DNA断裂、凋亡及坏死细胞率. L-NAME和 SOD/CAT分别降低培养介质中 和TBARS水平, 它们均能上调bcl-2蛋白表达而下调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 抑制DNA断裂、凋亡及坏死细胞率, 而D-NAME则无此作用. 以上结果表明, 在缺氧再给氧所致心肌细胞死亡过程中, NO和氧自由基参与下调bcl-2蛋白表达水平和上调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 相应地激发细胞凋亡程序, 并提示一氧化氮及氧自由基诱导心肌细胞凋亡的机制与调节 bcl-2和p53和p21/waf1/cip1信号通路有关.     

Synergic effects of NO and oxygen free radicals in the injury of ischemia-reperfused myocardium——ESR studies on NO free radicals generated from ischemia-reperfused myocardium

The ESR signal of NO bound to hemoglobin was detected during the ischemia-reperfusion of myocardium with low temperature ESR technique, and the synergic effects of NO and oxygen free radicals in the injury of the process were studied with this technique. Oxygen free radicals and NO bound to β-subunit of hemoglobin (β-NO complex) could be detected simultaneously in the ischemia-reperfused myocardium. Those signals could not be detected from the normal myocardium even in the presence of L-arginme. However, those signals could be detected and were dose-dependent with L-arginine in the ischemia-reperfused myocardiums and the signal could be suppressed with the inhibitor of NO synthetase, NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (NAME). Measurement of the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) in the coronary artery effluent of ischemia-reperfused heart showed that L-arginine at lower concentration (<1 mmol/L) could protect the heart from the ischemia-reperfusion injury but at higher con     

NO和氧自由基在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的协同作用——心肌缺血再灌注损伤产生的NO自由基的ESR研究

用低温电子自旋共振(ESR)技术检测到了大鼠心肌缺血再灌注过程产生的NO自由基与含铁蛋白结合的ESR信号 并且利用这一技术研究了大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤过程中NO和氧自由基的协同作用.结果发现,在缺血再灌注损伤的心肌中可同时检测到氧自由基和与血红蛋白β-亚基铁结合的NO自由基(β-NO复合物).在正常心肌中检测不到这两个信号,即使在灌注液中加入L-精氨酸也检测不到这两个信号.在缺血再灌注损伤的心肌中就可以检测的这两个信号了,而且随着在灌注液中加入L-精氨酸浓度的增加,这一信号也随之增加.在灌注液中加入NO合成酶抑制剂N~G-硝基精氨酸甲脂(NAME),这两个信号受到抑制.在灌注液中检测标志心肌损伤的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)活性发现,在灌注液中加入低浓度的L-精氨酸(1mmol/L以下),对缺血再灌注心肌损伤有一定保护作用,但是,若加入高浓度L-精氨酸,则加重缺血再灌注心肌的损伤.加NAME对缺血再灌注心肌有明显保护作用.在灌注液中加入黄嘌吟/黄嘌吟氧化酶(X/XO)或Fe²⁺/H₂O₂,同时增加缺血再灌注心肌中的NO和氧自由基含量,并加重心肌的损伤.在灌注液中加入超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),同时减少缺血再灌注心肌中NO和氧自由基的含量,并减轻心肌的损伤.     

活性氮自由基:脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中引起血脑屏障破坏及调节神经修复的双刃剑(英文)

在脑缺血再灌注损伤中,自由基发挥着重要作用。脑缺血及再灌注可产生大量的自由基,随着这些自由基的聚集,会引发一系列的分子级联反应,从而增加血脑屏障的通透性,诱发脑水肿、出血、炎症反应及细胞死亡。以一氧化氮(NO)及过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO-)为代表的活性氮(reactive nitrogen species,RNS),是自由基的重要组成部分,它们在脑缺血再灌注损伤中作用显著。一方面,活性氮能激活基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs),破坏血脑屏障。MMPs作为一大类含2价锌离子的水解酶,其激活可以降解脑血管及神经元细胞外基质。脑缺血再灌注损伤产生NO和ONOO-,它们均可以通过激活MMPs,降解紧密连接蛋白,从而破坏血脑屏障。另一方面,近期研究发现,活性氮也参与了脑缺血后神经再生及修复的调节过程。因此,了解这些活性小分子在血脑屏障破坏及神经再生中的复杂生物活性将很有意义。小窝蛋白1(Caveolin-1)就是活性氮自由基的重要靶分子,它是一种细胞表面的穴样内陷(caveolae)中的膜蛋白,可以通过抑制MMPs的激活保护血脑屏障的完整性。下调Caveolin-1的表达将引起血脑屏障的破坏。脑缺血所产生的NO能下调Caveolin-1的表达,而Caveolin-1的下调,能引起NO合酶的增加,促进生成更多的NO。活性氮与Caveolin-1互相作用,形成了一个反馈回路,通过激活MMPs而造成血脑屏障的不断破坏。此外,Caveolin-1通过调节不同的信号通路,抑制神经干细胞的增长及向神经元分化。因此,活性氮也很可能通过调节Caveolin-1及其他信号通路调控神经再生。在这篇文章中,我们对活性氮在血脑屏障及神经再生中的近期研究进展进行了综述。我们认为,活性氮可能在脑缺血再灌注中起双重作用,既是细胞毒性分子,亦可能是神经再生中的重要信号分子,其作用与其在神经元、内皮细胞及其微环境中产生的量有重要的关系。     

Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals induced apoptosis via bcl-2 and p53 pathway in hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes

Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to 24 h of hypoxia 95%N2/5%CO2 and 24 h of hypoxia plus 4 h of reoxygenation 95%O2/5%CO2. 24 h of hypoxia increased the levels of NO, TBARS and LDH. 24 h of hypoxia plus 4 h of reoxygenation decreased the levels of NO, but further increased TBARS and LDH. The hypoxia up-regulated the expression of bcl-2, p53 and p21/waf1/cip1 but the reoxygenation down-regulated the expression of bcl-2, and further up-regulated p53 and p21/waf1/cip1. The hypoxia increased cell apoptosis and reoxygenation further increased both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. NO, TBARS, DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis were enhanced by SNP and inhibited by L-NAME respectively. In addition, SOD/catalase down-regulated the expression of p53, p21/wafl/cipl and TBARS but up-regulated bcl-2 and increased indirectly the level of NO, and inhibited DNA fragmentation. The results suggest that hypoxia-induced cell death is associated with the activation of NO, bcl-2 and p53 pathway, while hypoxia-reoxygenation induced cell death via the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of p53 pathway. The present study clarified that NO may be an initiative signal to apoptotic cell death and the activation of bcl-2, p53 and p21/waf1/cip1 pathway in hypoxic and hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes.