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1.
Size-related selection of food plants by bumblebees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. 1. A positive correlation between the tongue length of conspecific workers collecting nectar from seven plant species and the corolla length of the flowers probed was found for B.lapidarius and B.pascuomm but not B.terrestris . No simple relationship was found between the volume, sugar weight or concentration of nectar in flowers and the tongue or wing length of probing bees.
2. B.terrestris workers collecting pollen from four plant species producing pollen only, were found to differ in size according to the type of pollen presentation mechanism and the pollen content per flower. Body size variation was also related to the foraging of pollen plus nectar from two other plant species. 相似文献
2. B.terrestris workers collecting pollen from four plant species producing pollen only, were found to differ in size according to the type of pollen presentation mechanism and the pollen content per flower. Body size variation was also related to the foraging of pollen plus nectar from two other plant species. 相似文献
2.
Altered resource allocation during seed development in Arabidopsis caused by the abi3 mutation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The regulation of whole-plant resource allocation during seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated by examining growth rate and partitioning of 14 CO2 in wild-type plants and those carrying the abi3 mutation. Plants carrying the abi3 mutation partitioned more resources into seed development than the wild type. The extra resources were available as a result of delayed senescence of the cauline leaves in the mutant. After supply of 14 CO2 at later stages of reproductive development differences in patterns of 14 C distribution between mutant and wild type were consistent with long-term changes in growth and allocation. The role of long-distance signals in the regulation of seed yield in Arabidopsis is discussed. 相似文献
3.
We present a design to quantify fitness consequences of jasmonate-induced responses in plants that are competing for limited resources with a conspecific. Under both high and low nitrogen supply rates, uninduced (control) Nicotiana attenuata plants growing next to a plant induced with 250 μg methyl jasmonate (MJ) yielded more seed capsules than control plants competing with another control plant. We conclude that there is a opportunity benefit for control plants growing next to an induced plant. Initially, MJ-induced plants grew more slowly, but by senescence they had produced the same number of seed capsules as control plants that had competed with another control plant. Replacement series showed that the fitness of MJ-induced plants is not influenced by the competitive status of their neighbour plant. We argue that competitive designs are useful tools for evaluating the phenotypic costs of ecologically important traits. 相似文献
4.
Fig trees (Ficus spp; Moraceae) are a common constituent of many tropical forests, where they produce figs that are eaten by a wide range of bird and mammal species. In our Bornean field site six Ficus seed dispersal guilds can be recognised, differentially attracting subsets of the frugivore community. Guild membership appears to be determined by figs' size, colour, crop size and height above ground, and frugivores' size, sensory and locomotory physiology and foraging height. Vertical stratification therefore appears to be an important determinant of fig and frugivore partitioning. The guild structure observed is discussed with respect to implications for seed dispersal and the differences between the canopy and understorey. Regarding figs eaten primarily by birds, larger fruit and crops can be found in the canopy where they are exposed to larger assemblages of potential frugivores than those presented in the understorey. 相似文献
5.
Li-Zhi Gao Chi-Hong Zhang Dao-Yuan Li Da-Jian Pan Ji-Zeng Jia Yu-Shen Dong 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2006,15(13):4059-4077
Nineteen microsatellite markers were employed to evaluate the genetic diversity of 92 accessions of common wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff., which represent a significant portion of the distribution range from field gene banks of China. In comparison, a
total of 57 varieties from most of the rice growing areas in China were also analyzed. The microsatellite analysis revealed
a considerable amount of genetic diversity resided within the preserved wild rice germplasms. In all, the nineteen microsatellites
revealed 328 alleles. The number of alleles per locus varied widely among these markers, ranging from 6 at RM242 to 30 at
RM206. A comparison of the genetic parameters showed that wild rice strains preserved in the field gene banks (na = 17.27;
R
S = 15.66; H
S = 0.86; H
T = 0.852; H
O = 0.307) possess much higher genetic diversity than cultivated rice varieties (na = 8.27; R
S = 8.14; H
S = 0.75; H
T = 0.758; H
O = 0.051). A total of 196 alleles detected in the wild rice could not be found in cultivated rice, suggesting that about 60%
of the alleles of wild rice might be lost during the process of rice domestication. This result shows that these ex situ preserved wild rice strains are of great importance for the discovery and utilization of novel genes in the future rice breeding
practices. Considerably abundant genetic variability detected within the studied wild rice germplasms could be comparable
to that previously found in a wide sampling of 47 natural populations (na = 16.17; H
S = 0.67; H
O = 0.229), demonstrating that developing field gene banks of wild rice is a necessary and efficient way for preserving genetic
diversity of wild rice resources. To determine minimum microsatellites that could distinguish these wild rice accessions,
the phylogenetic trees constructed by means of the combinations of different microsatellites suggested that the five highly
polymorphic microsatellites could clearly identify these samples. High polymorphisms of rice microsatellite loci and their
great resolving power will be particularly helpful for germplasm evaluation and evolutionary studies for better strengthening
the conservation and utilization of genetic diversity of wild rice in the field gene banks. 相似文献
6.
Non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and use in an understorey rain-forest shrub and relevance for the impact of leaf herbivory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1. Piper arieianum, an evergreen, understorey shrub of lowland moist forests of Central and South America, exhibits marked seasonal variation in reproductive activity even though climatic variation is low at the study site. Despite a lack of climatic seasonality, previous experimental leaf removal suggested that carbohydrate accumulation is seasonal, occurring prior to flowering.
2. We first tested the hypothesis that carbohydrates necessary for reproduction are accumulated prior to flowering, rather than during or after. By measuring non-structural carbohydrate production in the form of glucose and starch we found that the concentration of these reserves is greatest 1–3months before flowering, decreasing by 50% during peak fruit maturation.
3. The hypothesis that reproduction was the cause of this decrease in carbohydrate reserves was then tested by comparing reserves in plants that were prevented from flowering with those that flowered and produced fruit naturally. As predicted, reserves declined more in flowering than in non-flowering plants. A smaller decline in reserves of non-flowering plants was accompanied by greater stem and leaf production, suggesting that stored carbohydrates are also required for growth.
4. Because concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates were similar in roots, stems and leaves, and because the greatest amount of plant biomass is in stems for plants of a range of sizes, stems appear to be the main storage site of carbohydrate reserves in this plant species.
5. These results, together with previous studies, demonstrate that the impact of leaf herbivory on seed production in P. arieianum depends on the timing of that herbivory relative to the accumulation and use of non-structural carbohydrates. 相似文献
2. We first tested the hypothesis that carbohydrates necessary for reproduction are accumulated prior to flowering, rather than during or after. By measuring non-structural carbohydrate production in the form of glucose and starch we found that the concentration of these reserves is greatest 1–3months before flowering, decreasing by 50% during peak fruit maturation.
3. The hypothesis that reproduction was the cause of this decrease in carbohydrate reserves was then tested by comparing reserves in plants that were prevented from flowering with those that flowered and produced fruit naturally. As predicted, reserves declined more in flowering than in non-flowering plants. A smaller decline in reserves of non-flowering plants was accompanied by greater stem and leaf production, suggesting that stored carbohydrates are also required for growth.
4. Because concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates were similar in roots, stems and leaves, and because the greatest amount of plant biomass is in stems for plants of a range of sizes, stems appear to be the main storage site of carbohydrate reserves in this plant species.
5. These results, together with previous studies, demonstrate that the impact of leaf herbivory on seed production in P. arieianum depends on the timing of that herbivory relative to the accumulation and use of non-structural carbohydrates. 相似文献
7.
《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(3):243-253
Determination of the proximate cause of sexual dimorphism remains difficult, especially when trying to discriminate between sexual selection and ecological causation. A clear rejection of one of these hypotheses would advance the direction of future investigations, especially for cryptic and/or subterranean species. Sexual dimorphism in head size, but not body size, is confirmed for Schistometopum thomense, a fossorial caecilian from the island of São Tomé, in the Gulf of Guinea. However, a quantitative and qualitative study of diet reveals no significant difference between males and females sampled from three sites on the island. Females appear to take larger and heavier prey (principally earthworms) than males, despite having a significantly smaller head size. We tentatively reject the ecological causation hypothesis, and discuss several testable hypotheses for evidence of sexual selection. 相似文献
8.
Brouwer B Ziolkowska A Bagard M Keech O Gardeström P 《Plant, cell & environment》2012,35(6):1084-1098
Plants often have to cope with altered light conditions, which in leaves induce various physiological responses ranging from photosynthetic acclimation to leaf senescence. However, our knowledge of the regulatory pathways by which shade and darkness induce leaf senescence remains incomplete. To determine to what extent reduced light intensities regulate the induction of leaf senescence, we performed a functional comparison between Arabidopsis leaves subjected to a range of shading treatments. Individually covered leaves, which remained attached to the plant, were compared with respect to chlorophyll, protein, histology, expression of senescence-associated genes, capacity for photosynthesis and respiration, and light compensation point (LCP). Mild shading induced photosynthetic acclimation and resource partitioning, which, together with a decreased respiration, lowered the LCP. Leaf senescence was induced only under strong shade, coinciding with a negative carbon balance and independent of the red/far-red ratio. Interestingly, while senescence was significantly delayed at very low light compared with darkness, phytochrome A mutant plants showed enhanced chlorophyll degradation under all shading treatments except complete darkness. Taken together, our results suggest that the induction of leaf senescence during shading depends on the efficiency of carbon fixation, which in turn appears to be modulated via light receptors such as phytochrome A. 相似文献
9.
Male-killing bacteria are thought to persist in host populations by vertical transmission and conferring direct and/or indirect fitness benefits to their hosts. Here, we test the role of indirect fitness benefits accrued from resource reallocation in species that engage in sibling egg cannibalism. We found that a single-egg meal significantly increased larval survival in 12 ladybird species, but the value of an egg (to survival) differed substantially between species. Next, we tested the impact of three male-killing bacteria on larval survival in one ladybird species, Adalia bipunctata. Spiroplasma reduced larval survival, whereas Wolbachia and Rickettsia had no effect. However, Spiroplasma-infected larvae showed the greatest response to a single-egg meal. The indirect fitness benefit obtained from a single egg is thus so large that even male-killing bacteria with direct fitness costs can persist in host populations. This study supports the hypothesis that fitness compensation via resource reallocation can explain male-killing bacteria persistence. 相似文献
10.
Allocation trade-offs should be measured as opportunity costs, estimating what individuals sacrifice in one function by allocating to others. We investigated opportunity costs of male function in gynodioecious Phacelia linearis, asking whether nutrient limitation contributes to them. This hypothesis predicts that hermaphrodites experience greater nutrient stress than females, and that hermaphrodite disadvantages in production might decrease with nutrient supply. We cultivated hermaphrodites and females at two nutrient levels, scoring individuals for prereproductive leaf number at 5 wk, and biomass, nitrogen concentration, and fruit and seed production at 16 wk. Nutrient treatments caused final growth differences of two orders of magnitude. No gender difference appeared at 5 wk, but at 16 wk hermaphrodites produced less stem, leaf, and inflorescence biomass than females, and made fewer fruits. Hermaphrodites' shoot-size disadvantage was marginally significantly more severe at low nutrients than high nutrients. Significant gender x nutrient interactions for root fraction and whole-plant nitrogen concentration indicate greater nutrient stress in hermaphrodites than females. Hermaphrodites also acquired less total nitrogen than females. Nutrient limitation contributes to opportunity costs of male function, but there must be other contributors. Possibilities include limitations in other resources, gender effects on morphology, and genetic trade-offs not directly involving allocation or morphology. 相似文献