Dietary Vanadium Induces Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of Broilers

The purpose of this study was to examine oxidative stress induced by dietary vanadium in the mucosa of different parts of intestine including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecal tonsil. A total of 420 1-day-old avian broilers were divided into six groups and fed on a corn–soybean basal diet as control diet or the same basal diet supplemented with 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg vanadium as ammonium metavanadate. During the experimental period of 42 days, oxidative stress parameters were determined for both control and experimental groups. The results showed that malondialdehyde content was significantly higher (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg groups than in control group. In contrast, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and ability to inhibit hydroxyl radical, and glutathione hormone content were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) mainly in 45 and 60 mg/kg groups in comparison with those of control group. However, the abovementioned oxidative stress parameters were not significantly changed (p > 0.05) in 5 and 15 mg/kg groups. It was concluded that dietary vanadium in excess of 30 mg/kg could cause obvious oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa, which could impact the antioxidant function of intestinal tract in broilers.     

Low Selenium Diet Alters Cell Cycle Phase, Apoptotic Population and Modifies Oxidative Stress Markers of Spleens in Broilers

The purpose of this 42-day study was to investigate the effects of low selenium (Se) on histopathological changes of spleen, cell cycle and apoptosis of splenocytes, and oxidative status of the spleen. One hundred twenty 1-day-old avian broilers were randomly divided into two groups of 60 each and were fed on a low Se diet (0.0342 mg/kg Se) or a control diet (0.2 mg/kg Se), respectively. The weight and relative weight of the spleen were significantly decreased in the low Se group when compared with those of the control group. Histopathologically, splenic lesions in low-Se chicken were characterized by lymphocyte depletion and congestion of red pulp. As measured by flow cytometry, splenocytes in G(0)/G(1) phase were significantly increased, while splenocytes in S phase and G(2) + M phase were obviously decreased in the low Se group. The percentage of apoptotic splenocytes was greatly increased in the low Se group when compared with that of control group. At the same time, the occurrence frequencies of apoptotic splenocytes was markedly increased in the low Se group with the appearance of condensed nucleus ultrastructurally. Oxidative stress in the spleens of the low Se group was evidenced by decrease in glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities and increase in malondialdehyde contents. The results showed that low Se diet intake caused increased apoptosis, arrested cell cycle, and obvious oxidative stress, which provided a possible pathway for the injured structure and immune function of the spleen in chickens.     

雅安市区林地鸟类多样性及生态位分析

2009年12月至2010年12月,经过一个年周期的调察与统计,共记录雅安市区林地鸟类79种,隶属于8目32科。通过多样性指数与均匀度指数的测算发现,春秋两季大于夏冬两季,农田类型明显低于次生林、人工林及其他生境。在所有鸟类中,灰喉鸦雀(Paradoxornis alphonsianus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、红头长尾山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)在不同季节均具有较高的优势度,发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)、大山雀(Parus major)、绿背山雀(P.monticolus)具有最高的生态位宽度值。自20世纪60年代,雅安市区鸟类物种组成及栖息地随城市化进程均发生了较大变化。     

9个野生中国樱桃群体叶绿体DNA trnQ-rps16序列变异及其遗传结构分析

中国樱桃(Cerasus pseudocerasus Lindl.)是我国古老的具有较高经济价值的栽培果树之一,个别性状突出的野生中国樱桃是对现有栽培品种进行遗传改良的重要资源。四川野生中国樱桃资源丰富,为了明确该地区野生中国樱桃群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构,文章对9个野生中国樱桃群体(其中7个分布四川,2个来自陕西和贵州)共145个个体的叶绿体基因间隔区trnQ-rps16序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明:9个群体145个个体的trnQ-rps16序列比对后共检测到13个多态位点,占位点总数的1.87%,其中3处碱基替换,10处插入/缺失。9个群体总的遗传多样性水平较低(h=0.562,π=0.00184),相对于其他地区的2个群体(h=0.733;π=0.00243),四川的7个群体表现出更低的遗传多样性水平(h=0.544;π=0.00203),且群体间的遗传多样性水平存在较大差异(h=0-0.708;π=0-0.00298),其中北川桃龙群体最高(h=0.708,π=0.00298),而峨眉群体最低(h=0.000,π=0.000)。群体内低的遗传多样性可能与群体的边缘性所产生的奠基者效应以及近期群体收缩和随机遗传漂变造成的瓶颈效应导致群体内遗传多样性丢失有关。此外,9个群体遗传分化水平较低,平均FST为0.21573。分析认为主要是由于野生中国樱桃较强的种子传播能力增加了群体间的基因流动而导致遗传分化不明显,也可能与野生中国樱桃较长的世代周期有关。针对上述研究结果,建议在资源保护中采取减少群体数目而加大群体内的个体数量的保护策略。     

产广谱细菌素乳酸菌的筛选和鉴定

以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为指示菌,从分离自四川传统发酵食品中的267株乳酸菌中,采用平板打孔法初筛、牛津杯法复筛（排除酸、过氧化氢干扰以及胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶处理）,筛选出1株分离自醪糟的具有较强抑菌作用的产广谱细菌素的乳杆菌菌株P158,结合形态学、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,该菌株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。     

Meiotic restriction in emmer wheat is controlled by one or more nuclear genes that continue to function in derived lines

Highly fertile F₁ hybrids were made between Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum (2n = 28, AABB) and Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 14, DD) without embryo rescue and hormone treatment. The F₁ plants had an average seed set of 25%. Approximately 96% of the F₂ seeds were able to germinate normally and about 67% of the F₂ plants were spontaneous amphidiploid (2n = 42, AABBDD). Cytological analysis of male gametogenesis of the F₁ plants showed that meiotic restitution is responsible for the high fertility. A mitosis-like meiosis led to meiotic restitution at either of the two meiotic divisions resulting in unreduced gametes. Test crosses of the T. t. turgidum–Ae. tauschii amphidiploid with Ae. variabilis and rye suggested that the mitosis-like meiosis is controlled by one or more nuclear genes that continue to function in derived lines. This discovery indicates a potential application of such genes in producing double haploids.     

食源米曲霉菌株的分离及其降解高效氯氰菊酯和3-苯氧基苯甲酸的特性研究

【目的】通过研究不同食源米曲霉菌株对高效氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin,β-CP)及其必经代谢产物3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-phenoxybenzoic acid,3-PBA)的降解特性,了解不同菌株的降解共性及差异性,为农副产品和发酵食品的农残减除提供理论基础和食品用安全微生物资源。【方法】以发酵食品为菌源,通过形态学鉴定、ITS测序和菌株产黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1)的测定筛选鉴定米曲霉菌株,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)、液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)对米曲霉模式菌株RIB40 (保藏编号:ATCC 42149)、米曲霉M4 (保藏编号:CGMCC 11645)和鉴定获得的米曲霉菌株的β-CP和3-PBA降解特性进行研究。【结果】鉴定获得15株不产AFB1的食源米曲霉,17株米曲霉在马铃薯液体培养基(PD)中振荡培养5d,对50mg/L的β-CP降解率为19.33%-50.29%不等,检测到降解产物3-PBA,对50 mg/L的3-PBA降解率为45.59%-99.67%不等;分别在添加50 mg/Lβ-CP和3-PBA的无机盐培养基(MM)中振荡培养5 d,米曲霉菌株均未生长,对β-CP和3-PBA无降解;在富集培养基(GM)中振荡培养2 d,对100 mg/L的3-PBA转化或降解率为69.28%-99.58%不等,检测到3-苯氧基苄醇(3-PBlc)和羟基-3-苯氧基苯甲酸(HO-3-PBA)。【结论】食源米曲霉具有共代谢降解β-CP和3-PBA的共性,3-PBA为β-CP降解中间产物,米曲霉对3-PBA普遍具有较高的降解率。在3-PBA降解初期,米曲霉可将其短暂还原生成毒性相对较低的3-PBlc,同时,3-PBA逐渐羟基化生成水溶性更强的HO-3-PBA参与下游降解。     

APOBEC2 mRNA and protein is predominantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles of chickens

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 (APOBEC2) plays an important role in regulating and maintaining muscle development in mammals. In this study, we evaluated APOBEC2 mRNA abundance and protein expression and the results indicated that APOBEC2 mRNA was most abundant in skeletal and cardiac muscle, with relatively low expression in the gonads, gizzard and subcutaneous fat tissues of chickens. Immunoreactive APOBEC2 was localized to the cell nucleus of developing myocardium and skeletal myofibers. There were significant differences in mRNA and protein abundance among ages, tissues, and between males and females. In conclusion, APOBEC2 was expressed as the greatest in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle where it localized to the nucleus. Thus, APOBEC2 may play an important role in muscle development in chickens.     

Genetic variations in insulin-like growth factor binding protein acid labile subunit gene associated with growth traits in beef cattle (Bos taurus) in China

The insulin-like growth factor binding protein acid labile subunit (IGFALS) gene encodes a serum protein that binds to IGFs and regulates growth, development, and other physiological processes. We have found that sequencing of the IGFALS gene in Chinese Qinchuan beef cattle (n = 300) revealed four SNP loci in exon two of the gene (g1219: T>C, g1893: T>C, g2612: G>A, and g2696: A>G). The SNP g2696: A>G resulted in a change from asparagine to aspartic acid (p. N574D) in the leucine-rich repeat region in the carboxyl-terminal domain of IGFALS. Four SNPs were in low linkage disequilibrium, and 12 different haplotypes were identified in the population. Association analysis suggested that SNP g1219: T>C had a significant association with hip width (P < 0.05) and SNP g2696: A>G displayed a significant association with stature (P < 0.05). The results from our investigation indicated that polymorphisms in the IGFALS gene were associated with growth traits of bovine, and may serve as a genetic marker for selection of beef cattle for growth traits, including stature.     

三倍体枇杷的茎尖培养及诱导生根

以三倍体枇杷为材料, 研究了不同消毒方式、MS培养基浓度、植物生长调节剂及浓度配比对茎尖培养及诱导生根的影响。结果表明, 初代培养时, 选择生长饱满、健壮的顶芽及适宜的消毒方式, 外植体剥离长度0.5-0.8 cm, 能显著提高茎尖培养的成活率; MS培养基浓度的变化对外植体的褐化没有明显的影响; 最适茎尖的启动培养基为MS＋1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA＋0.5 mg·L-1 NAA, 成活率高达84.8%; 最适组培苗生根培养基为1/2MS＋0.1 mg·L-1 NAA＋0.01 mg·L-1 IAA＋0.3%活性炭, 生根率达66.7%, 每株平均生根2.83条。该研究结果将为三倍体枇杷再生体系的建立及利用转基因技术对三倍体无籽枇杷进行遗传改良奠定基础。