Disentangling relationships within the disjunctly distributed Alyssum ovirense/A. wulfenianum group (Brassicaceae), including description of a novel species from the north‐eastern Alps

Alyssum ovirense (Brassicaceae) is disjunctly distributed in the eastern Alps, predominantly occurring in the southern limestone Alps, but with one isolated population on the Hochschwab massif in the northern limestone Alps. The closely related rare and narrow endemic A. wulfenianum is restricted to gravel beds in a few rivers in the southern Alps draining the distribution area of A. ovirense. Applying molecular (amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting and sequencing of plastid and nuclear DNA), karyological (flow cytometry and chromosome counts) and morphometric methods to a set of populations sampled throughout the distribution range, we evaluated the status of the population on the Hochschwab massif and the relationship between high‐elevation A. ovirense and low‐elevation A. wulfenianum. The population on Hochschwab massif is hexaploid, morphologically clearly divergent and grows in vegetation patches and dense alpine grasslands, whereas southern Alpine A. ovirense inhabits sparsely vegetated limestone screes. Molecular data show that the former represents a genetically isolated lineage which is formally described as A . neglectum sp. nov. All populations from the southern limestone Alps, including A. wulfenianum, are diploid. Although A. wulfenianum is genetically nested in A. ovirense, its morphological and ecological differentiation justifies recognition at the subspecific level. As A. wulfenianum has priority over A. ovirense, the correct names are A. wulfenianum subsp. wulfenianum and A. wulfenianum subsp. ovirense. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 486–505.     

中国奇刺(虫兆)属一新种及丽江奇刺(虫兆)的新分布

记述中国奇刺(虫兆)属具有6臀刺的1新种,卜氏奇刺姚Friesea buyuni sp.nov..文中给出奇刺(虫兆)属中具有2+2小眼种类的检索表;并给出丽江奇刺(虫兆)的新发布记录.模式标本保存在上海昆虫博物馆.     

物种/功能群去除实验及其在生态学中的应用

随着物种多样性与生态系统功能的关系成为生态学领域研究的焦点之一,物种/功能群去除实验也逐渐得到了广泛的应用。物种/功能群去除实验在生态学中的应用主要包括以下研究内容:种间关系、多样性与生态系统功能关系、关键种的作用和功能、入侵种给生态系统带来的后果评价。针对去除实验的特点,提出去除实验应用中需要注意的若干问题,包括:"去除"行为本身对生态系统的影响、时间尺度在去除实验中对于研究结果的影响以及入侵种去除的特殊性。     

Dispersal is associated with morphological innovation,but not increased diversification,in Cyphostemma (Vitaceae)

Multiple processes − including dispersal, morphological innovation, and habitat change − are frequently cited as catalysts for increased diversification. We investigate these processes and the causal linkages among them in the genus Cyphostemma (Vitaceae), a clade comprising ∼200 species that is unique in the Vitaceae for its diversity of growth habits. We reconstruct time‐calibrated evolutionary relationships among 64 species in the genus using five nuclear and chloroplast markers and infer the group's morphological and biogeographic history. We test for changes in speciation rate and evaluate the temporal association and sequencing of events with respect to dispersal, habitat change, and morphological evolution using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In Cyphostemma, neither dispersal nor morphological evolution is associated with shifts in speciation rate, but dispersal is associated with evolutionary shifts in growth form. Evolution of stem succulence, in particular, is associated with adaptation to local, pre‐existing conditions following long‐distance dispersal, not habitat change in situ. We suggest that the pattern of association between dispersal, morphological innovation, and diversification may depend on the particular characters under study. Lineages with evolutionarily labile characters, such as stem succulence, do not necessarily conform to the notion of niche conservatism and instead demonstrate remarkable morphological adaptation to local climate and edaphic conditions following dispersal.     

景观生态学的学科前沿与发展战略

根据美国景观生态学2001年年会关于景观生态学的关键议题和研究领域特别专题的讨论,综合16位国际知名专家所发表的关于深化理论、整合协调和方法改进等方面的意见,深入论述了景观生态学的6项关键议题和10个优先研究领域。包括通过景观镶嵌体的生态流,土地利用和土地覆被变化的过程、机制,非线性动态和景观复杂性,尺度转换方法论的发展,景观指标与生态过程,人类活动与景观生态,景观格局的优化,景观保育与可持续性,资料获取与准确性评价。并对构建中国景观生态学的理论框架提出了初步的想法,即发展以格局——过程关系为中心的生态空间理论,以人类活动有序化为中心的景观生态建设理论,以发挥景观多重价值为中心的景观规划理论。     

中国拟扁枝衣属的研究

拟扁枝衣属Pseudevernia隶属于子囊菌门Ascomycota,茶渍目Lecanorales,梅衣科Parmeliaceae。迄今已知6种,即粉芽拟扁枝衣P.soralifera、细拟扁枝衣P.cladonia、粗拟扁枝衣P.intensa、茶渍拟扁枝衣P.consocians、橄榄陶拟扁枝衣P.olivetorina及拟扁枝衣P.furfuracea。后三种地衣之界定是在形态特征相似但仍有区别的前提下,以其各自所含次生代谢产物之不同与地理分布区之差异为根据的。茶渍拟扁枝衣含有茶渍酸;裂芽发育良好而密度中等;裂片狭窄,为北美所特有。橄榄陶拟扁枝衣含橄榄陶酸;裂芽较稀少;裂片狭长;分布区以北欧为主,延伸至北非及西亚,如巴基斯坦。而拟扁枝衣则含袋衣酸;形态多变;分布区以南欧洲为主,遍布于整个欧洲,向南延伸至北非,向东延伸至亚洲,如蒙古等。本文首次报道了该属地衣在中国的分布。文中除了对拟扁枝衣进行形态、化学及分布类型的描述外,还配有该种的照片以及该属已知种的检索表。     

A Key and Compendium to Species of the Heterodera avenae Group (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)

A key based on cyst and juvenile characters is given for identification of 12 valid Heterodera species in the H. avenae group. A compendium providing the most important diagnostic characters for use in identification of species is included as a supplement to the key. Cyst characters are most useful for separating species; these include shape, color, cyst wall pattern, fenestration, vulval slit length, and the posterior cone including presence or absence of bullae and underbridge. Also useful are those of second-stage juvenile characteristics including aspects of the stylet knobs, tail hyaline tail terminus, and lateral field. Photomicrographs of diagnostically important morphological features complement the compendium.     

水稻生长动态模拟研究进展

在查阅了国内外水稻生长动态模拟研究领域大量献的基础上,主要就气候变化对水稻生长的影响的模拟,水稻生产潜力的估算,生育期预测,氮肥的优化管理,水稻群体质量指标的模拟与优化以及水稻干物质生产模拟等6个方面的研究动态进行了综述。提出了水稻生长动态模拟模型研究和应用中存在的建模方法,参数确定和生产应用等3个方面的问题,最后对该领域今后的攻关内容进行了探讨,认为进一步研制和完善包括营养元素,病虫害在内的,以作物生理生态为基础的水稻生产系统综合性模拟模型,充分利用以信息技术为主体的现代科学技术,组织全国范围的协作试验以建立水稻品种参数数据库和研制估算水稻品种参数的数学方法,将水稻生长动态模拟模型和专家系统结合,组建水稻生产优化管理决策支持系统,是提高水稻生长动态模拟模型实用性的关键。