棕榈藤茎的表皮特征及其分类意义

本文对国产棕榈藤3属21种茎的表皮组织进行了系统的比较观察,首次报道了棕榈藤茎表皮细 胞的排列式样,并结合表皮细胞类型和气孔、“反射体”的有无等特征,将国产棕榈藤茎的表皮组织划分 为3种类型3种亚型。(1)钩叶藤型:表皮细胞为长方形,细胞交错排列呈砖墙状。(2)黄藤型:表皮细 胞为不规则的四边形,细胞排列呈不规则网状,如龟背。(3)省藤型:A亚型,表皮细胞六边形,细胞排列 呈网状,气孔平列型或四轮列型;B亚型,表皮细胞四边形,细胞交错排列呈砖墙状,细胞长轴平行于茎轴,气孔梭状四轮列型;C亚型,表皮细胞四边形,垂周壁呈波浪状,细胞交错排列如砖墙状,细胞的长轴.平行于茎轴。本文还讨论了棕榈藤茎表皮组织的特征及其在分类上的意义。     

The Calculation of Intracellular Ion Concentrations and Membrane Potential from Cell-attached and Excised Patch Measurements. Cytosolic K+ Concentration and Membrane Potential in Vicia faba Guard Cells

Ion channel activity in cell-attached patch recordings shows channel behavior under more physiological conditions than whole-cell and excised patch measurements. Yet the analysis of cell-attached patch measurements is complicated by the fact that the system is ill defined with respect to the intracellular ion activities and the electrical potential actually experienced by the membrane patch. Therefore, of the several patch-clamp configurations, the information that is obtained from cell-attached patch measurements is the most ambiguous. The present study aims to achieve a better understanding of cell-attached patch measurements. Here we describe a method to calculate the intracellular ion concentration and membrane potential prevailing during cell-attached patch recording. The first step is an analysis of the importance of the input resistance of the intact cell on the cell-attached patch measurement. The second step, and actual calculation, is based on comparison of the single channel conductance and reversal potential in the cell-attached patch and excised patch configurations. The method is demonstrated with measurements of membrane potential and cytosolic K⁺ concentrations in Vicia faba guard cells. The approach described here provides an attractive alternative to the measurement of cytosolic ion concentrations with fluorescent probes or microelectrodes. Received: 3 April 1998/Revised: 6 August 1998     

The value of certain plant parameters as an index for salt tolerance in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

In a micro-plot study of 6 cultivars of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) it was observed that germination of seeds and seed yield per plot decreased linearly with rising salinity levels. On the contrary, seed yield per plant increased with the salinity until at a critical salinity level it fell abruptly. Compared to the cultivars of the sensitive group the tolerant ones exhibited a higher magnitude of reduction in number of leaf stomata per unit area (stomatal frequency of leaf) at the critical salinities (12 mmhos/cm and above) of irrigation water, whereas the decrease in leaf water potential (-leaf) was not so marked at the same salinity levels. Tolerant cultivars were also notable for having a wider K/Na ratio (1.63 and 1.28) and a higher accumulation of free proline (2.10 and 2.30 mole/g) at EC irrigation water of 12 and 16 mmhos/cm respectively. Reductions in yield at these salinities were rather lower being 27.0 and 79.8% respectively in tolerant cultivars compared with 59.0 and 94.2% respectively in sensitive ones.     

Stomatal responses of Argenteum — a mutant of Pisum sativum L. with readily detachable leaf epidermis

Epidermis is easily detached from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaf four of the Argenteum mutant of Pisum sativum L. The isolated epidermis has stomata with large, easily-measured pores. Hairs and glands are absent. The density of stomata is high and contamination by mesophyll cells is low. In the light and in CO₂-free air, stomata in isolated adaxial epidermis of Argenteum mutant opened maximally after 4 h incubation at 25°C. The response of stomata to light was dependent on the concentration of KCl in the incubation medium and was maximal at 50 mol m^-3 KCl. Stomata did not respond to exogenous kinetin, but apertures were reduced by incubation of epidermis on solutions containing between 10^-5 and 10^-1 mol m^-3 abscisic acid (ABA). The responses of stomata of Argenteum mutant to light, exogenous KCl, ABA and kinetin were comparable with those described previously for stomata in isolated epidermis of Commelina communis. A method for preparing viable protoplasts of guard cells from isolated epidermis of Argenteum mutant is described. The response of guard cell protoplasts to light, exogenous KCl, ABA and kinetin were similar to those of stomata in isolated epidermis except that the increase in volume of the protoplasts in response to light was maximal at a lower concentration of KCl (10 mol m^-3) and that protoplasts responded more rapidly to light than stomata in isolated epidermis. The protoplasts did not respond to exogenous kinetin, but when incubated for 1 h in the light and in CO₂-free air on a solution containing 10^-3 mol m^-3 ABA, they decreased in volume by 30%. The advantages of using epidermis from Argenteum mutant for experiments on stomatal movements are discussed.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid     

Some effects of long-term ozone fumigations on Norway spruce

Summary Potted cuttings of a 12-year-old, and grafts of an 80-year-old, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were subjected to 100 or 300 g O₃·m^–3 for 1215 h (45 h of daylight per week) during the growing season of 1985. At the end of the fumigation the plants did not exhibit any visible signs of injury. Whereas in the fumigation with 100g O₃·m^–3 we did not detect any significant change in gas exchange, 300 g O₃·m^–3 did alter the CO₂ uptake after 27 weeks, and in one clone transpiration was also altered. Stomatal reaction to a change of light suggested sluggishness, but the change was not statistically significant.     

The effect of wavelength of light on stomatal opening

The effect of broad band green, blue and red light on stomatal opening of Vicia faba L. (broad bean) leaves was examined. In air, blue light caused greater stomatal opening than red light. In air with green light stomata were only slightly opened. In a nitrogen atmosphere red light caused greater opening than blue light, and green light caused only slight opening. Opening in air or nitrogen atmosphere in red or blue light was inhibited by the uncoupler CCCP, while the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU inhibited opening in air but not in nitrogen atmosphere. We concluded that more than one light activated metabolic pathway can supply the energy needed to effect stomatal opening and that different pathways are operative under different conditions.     

Structural and functional aspects of stomata

Differential cell wall thickening in developing guard cells of Polypodium vulgare L. has been studied with particular reference to guard cell protoplast deformation and the eventual formation of the stomatal pore. Concomitant studies on the development of guard cell chloroplasts and their starch inclusions during ontogeny of the stomatal complex have provided data which have been incorporated into a model to account for the formation of the pore. Guard cell starch inclusions reach a maximum density per unit volume at the same time as the guard cell walls achieve maximum differential thickening. These events coincide with the development of the pore. It is suggested that, whilst pore formation is initiated enzymatically, the mechanical forces required to bring about the separation of the two guard cells are of an osmotic nature derived from starch hydrolysis. The development of the mesophyll in relation to the epidermis is examined in respect of the formation of substomatal chambers.     

Surface features of the leaves ofBalanophoraceae — A family without stomata?

Both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were searched for stomata inBalanophora elongata, B. fungosa, Hachettea austro-caledonica, Langsdorffia hypogaea, Lophophytum mirabile subsp.mirabile, Scybalium jamaicense, andThonningia sanguinea (Balanophoraceae). Neither stomata nor guard cells were observed. The epidermal surfaces of these species are extremely diverse with respect to cell shape, cell size, and surface ornamentation, these features providing valuable systematic criteria.     

根源信号参与调控气孔行为的机制及其农业节水意义

在土壤干旱情况下,根源信号一方面向植物地上部分的长距离传输,为地上部分提供了土壤水分获取能力的测度,另一方面调控气孔开度,抑制蒸腾作用并提高植物的水分利用效率．文中综述了根源信号参与调控植物水分利用的生理机制和理论模型,指出该模型与根系吸水模型、气孔导度模型耦合,能够更好地反映植物叶片对土壤干旱以及大气干旱的响应、评述了在根源信号参与调控植物水分关系的基础上发展的调亏灌溉(RDI)、部分根系干旱(PRD)和控制性交替灌溉(CAI)等有效灌溉手段,有助于合理配置根系层供水量,通过根土相互作用和信号物质的传输,降低蒸腾和提高水分利用效率、另外,根源信号在调控根系生长发育、延缓地上部分生长以调节根冠比例,优化资源分配以利于生殖生长等方面均有所为,为全面提高农田水分利用效率提供节水生理基础。