白鳞粗柄鹅膏菌丝的固态发酵

近年来 ,因鹅膏菌肽类毒素可用于分子生物学、医学、农学等领域而具广阔的开发前景[1] 。但由于鹅膏菌资源有限 ,而人工合成的毒素又不具活性 ,所以目前尚难以开发利用。加之鹅膏菌大多属于外生菌根真菌 ,虽然已在少数种的菌根合成方面取得了一些进展[2～ 4 ] ,但至今该属中绝大部份种仍属于自然界中难培养或未能培养的微生物 ,难以人工、半人工栽培。因此 ,目前国内还没有一种能规模化开发的毒素产品。而现在作为生化试剂的肽类毒素全部来源于欧美的毒鹅膏子实体 ,售价在每克 1 0万美元以上。所以 ,研究如何开发利用我国的鹅膏菌及其毒素具…     

Effects of aluminum on membrane fluidity of the mycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria

The effect of aluminum on the ordering and dynamics of lipid molecules in plasmalemma was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance via the membrane-inserted reporter spin label molecules (methyl ester of 5-doxyl-hexadecanoic acid) in situ in mycelia of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria . It was found, first, that the plasmalemma is structured into coexistent regions of lipids with different ordering and dynamics, and second, that aluminum stress is accompanied by the corresponding relative decrease of the proportion of the less ordered membrane domains. This effect is opposite to that found previously for Lactarius piperatus , where the membrane responded by an increase of the portion of the less ordered membrane domains. Such qualitatively diverse effects of aluminum at the membrane level is of interest as it coincides with the opposite effect on growth, i. e. inhibition of Amanita muscaria and stimulation of Lactarius piperatus .     

Molecular phylogeny of JapaneseAmanita species based on nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA

The molecular phylogeny of 36 specimens of JapaneseAmanita species was studied based on nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The phylogenetic tree obtained supported the traditional classification systems of Bas (1969) and Singer (1986), which are based on morphological characters, in the division of the genusAmanita is divided into subgeneraAmanita andLepidella by the amyloidity of basidiospores. However, at section-level, we suggest that subgenusAmanita should be divided into three sections (Amanita, Vaginatae, andCaesareae). Our results also showed the necessity to modify the taxonomic treatments at section-level in the subgenusLepidella. It appears that the establishment ofA. muscaria andA. pantherina from a common ancestral species might be a very recent event, or these might be lower taxa of same species. As for three subspecies ofA. hemibapha and three varieties ofA. vaginata, it is necessary to grade up their taxonomical ranks from subspecies/variety to species. A new combination,A. javanica, is proposed forA. hemibapha subsp.javanica.     

Two new species of Amanita from Japan

 Two new species from Japan, Amanita areolata and Amanita griseoturcosa, are described. The former, found in a broad-leaved forest in Aichi Prefecture, is a medium- to large-sized mushroom characterized by an areolate, brownish pileus, a nonstriate and appendiculate margin of the pileus, and amyloid basidiospores. The latter, found in forests with Fagaceae or Pinaceae in Tokyo, Chiba Prefecture, and Miyagi Prefecture, is a medium-sized mushroom characterized by a grayish-turquoise pileus, a nonstriate margin of the pileus, a saccate volva, an apical membranous annulus, and amyloid basidiospores. Received: July 10, 2001 / Accepted: June 5, 2002     

Anatomical studies on ectomycorrhizas

Ectomycorrhizas of 5-month-old Pinus patula plants grown in autoclaved shola soil (forest soil) inoculated with basidiospores of Amanita muscaria, Laccaria laccata and Suillus brevipes are described. The main em phasis is on the organisation of the mantle tissue as seen in plan view and features of associated hyphae and strands. The different layers in the mantle produced by the different fungi are described and illustrated.