寄主植物对B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)和温室粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)个体发育和种群繁殖的影响

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum（Westwood）在我国北方常混合发生,为了解两种粉虱所造成的危害和自身种群的增长变化,制定科学的综合防治措施,在（27±1）℃条件下研究了两种粉虱在棉花Gossypium hirsutum L.（泗棉3号）、黄瓜Cucumis sativas L.（北京202）、茄子Solanum melongena L.（北京七叶茄）和番茄Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.（佳粉十号）上各虫态大小、存活率、发育历期、成虫寿命、平均产卵量等生物学参数。在同一种寄主植物上,温室粉虱的1,2龄若虫的体长和体宽均显著大于烟粉虱,3龄以后两种粉虱的体型则变异较大。两种粉虱从卵到成虫羽化,在棉花上的发育历期无显著差异,在黄瓜、茄子和番茄上,温室粉虱的发育历期（19.7、19.4、20.8d）显著长于烟粉虱（17.3、17.6、18.3d）。在黄瓜和番茄上,烟粉虱的平均寿命（31.2、32.1）显著长于温室粉虱的平均寿命（26、24.9d）;在棉花、黄瓜和番茄上,烟粉虱的单雌产卵量（122.2、220.2、266．5粒）显著高于温室粉虱（97．1、186．6、197．1粒）。烟粉虱在棉花、黄瓜、茄子和番茄上的总存活率分别为67.9％、77.8％、67.8％和59．0％,温室粉虱依次为62．2％、67．2％、64．4％和66．1％。综合比较4种寄主植物,烟粉虱比温室粉虱具有个体发育时间短、种群繁殖速度快、生殖竞争能力强等特点。     

Occurrence model of first instars of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae)

An invasive planthopper, Ricania shantungensis, is an important pest in agriculture and forestry in Korea. Best target stage for insecticide application is known to be newly hatched first instar. Thus, the objective of the present study was to predict the occurrence of first instars of R. shantungensis. Effects of temperature on development and survival of R. shantungensis eggs were examined at seven constant temperatures (12.4, 16.4, 20.4, 24.8, 28.3, 32.4, and 36.9 °C). Development and survival of R. shantungensis eggs were quantitatively described by applying empirical models as a function of temperature over a wide thermal range. Lower developmental threshold, thermal constant, optimal developmental temperature, and upper developmental threshold were estimated to be 12.1 °C, 202 DD, 31 °C, and 36.9 °C, respectively. Survivorship was the highest at 23.3 °C. The models well predicted timing of field occurrences at three sites (Buyeo, Gwangyang, and Habcheon) in Korea. Therefore, results of this study would increase the prediction accuracy of R. shantungensis occurrence and management efficiency of R. shantungensis.     

Evolutionary jumping and breakthrough in tree masting evolution

Many long-lived plants such as trees show masting or intermittent and synchronized reproduction. In a coupled chaos system describing the dynamics of individual-plant resource budgets, masting occurs when the resource depletion coefficient k (ratio of the reproductive expenditure to the excess resource reserve) is large. Here, we mathematically studied the condition for masting evolution. In an infinitely large population, we obtained a deterministic dynamical system, to which we applied the pairwise invasibility plot and convergence stability of evolutionary singularity analyses. We prove that plants reproducing at the same rate every year are not evolutionarily stable. The resource depletion coefficient k increases, and the system oscillates with a period of 2 years (high and low reproduction) if k<1. Alternatively, k may evolve further and jump to a value >1, resulting in the sudden start of intermittent reproduction. We confirm that a high survivorship of young plants (seedlings) in the light-limited understory favors masting evolution, as previously suggested by computer simulations and field observations. The stochasticity caused by the finiteness of population size also promotes masting evolution.     

Development and reproduction of ‘B＇ biotype Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） （Homoptera： Aleyrodidae） on four ornamentals

Abstract Effects of four commercial ornamentals on the development, survivorship and reproduction of the whitefly B biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were studied in the laboratory (temperature 26 ± 1 °C; relative humidity 75%–90%; L: D 14:10). The total survivorship from egg to adult on hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima Will), cottonrose hibiscus ( Hibiscus mutabilis L.) and variegated leafcroton ( Codiaeum variegatum'Aucubaefolium' ) were 33.69%, 40.55%, 79.11%, and 29.39%, respectively. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 23.12 days on cottonrose hibiscus to 32.13 days on hibiscus. The average longevity of adult females ranged from 6.87 days on variegated leafcroton to 21.07 days on poinsettia. The average numbers of eggs laid per female were 9.20, 25.13, 54.45, and 26.79 on the above respective hosts. The intrinsic rates of natural increase ( r_m ) for B biotype B. tabaci on cottonrose hibiscus was the highest. Based on life table analyses of whitefly populations, cottonrose hibiscus was the most suitable host for B biotype B. tabaci in this study.     

Survivorship characteristics of the mosquito Aedes caspius adults from southern France under laboratory conditions

The survivorship characteristics of two populations of Aedes caspius (Pallas) (Diptera: Culicidae) were compared in the laboratory. One population was sourced from Mourgues, where larvicides have been used continuously for approximately 40 years, and the other from Pont de Gau, where there has been no consistent mosquito control. The aims of the study were to ascertain the basic life history profiles of adults and to determine whether continuous larviciding affects inherent adult survivorship. Life tables were constructed to calculate the following life expectancy parameters: mean lifetime (tau(ad)); maximum lifetime (tau(max)), and daily survival rate (p(ad)). All three parameters were higher for females than for males (paired t-test, P < or = 0.001); male mean lifetime, maximum lifetime and daily survival rate were 4.95 +/- 0.94 days, 20.50 +/- 6.66 days and 0.79 +/- 0.05, respectively; female values were 14.74 +/- 3.68 days, 49.69 +/- 16.55 days and 0.93 +/- 0.02, respectively. No differences were found between the two populations, and no correlations were found between initial adult densities and their respective survival rates. The survivorship curves for Ae. caspius were type IV for males (mortality rates higher for young adults) and type III for females (mortality rates constant).     

大亚湾两种重要经济虾类热效应

中国第1座大型核电站位于广东省大亚湾西侧,第1期工程于1994年初并网发电,第2期工程于2003年5月正式投产,总装机容量为4000MW,经冷却系统排人大亚湾的热废水达200m^3／s。核电站温排水的生态热效应问题引起人们普遍关注。针对这一问题进行了大亚湾海区斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)和近缘新对虾(Metapenaeus affinis)两种重要经济虾类的高温热效应试验研究,测试了多项重要温度指标基准值。结果表明,斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的适宜生长温度范围均为29～35℃,最适生长温度(OGT)均为33℃;在不同的驯化温度下,斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的起始致死温度(ILT50)分别为37．5～38．1℃和38．9～39．3℃;最高起始致死温度(UILT50)分别为38．1℃和39．3℃;临界热最大值(CTM)分别为42．72～43．60℃和41．58～43．90℃;生长的最高周平均温度(MWAT)分别为34．7℃和35．1℃;短期暴露最高温度(MTSTE)分别为37．12和37．89℃;在不同驯化温度下,斑节对虾主动趋向选择的最适温度为26．4～32．5℃,近缘新对虾为30．7～33．1℃;起始致死温度、临界热最大值和选择的最适温度等与驯化温度呈正相关关系。随着驯化温度提高,其数值也增大,并逐渐趋向某一恒定的温度值。根据斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的热效应研究结果,结合这两种虾类的生态习性和大亚湾核电站温排水温度场的卫星遥感监测资料,探讨了大亚湾核电站温排水对2种虾类资源的热效应问题。研究结果显示,核电站温排水形成的温度场绝大部分的温升不超过4℃,温度场水域的温度变化基本上都低于这2种对虾的生存安全温度。处于它们的最适生长温度范围内,温排水对大亚湾海区的斑节对虾和近缘新对虾资源热影响甚微。     

Aggregated seed dispersal by wreathed hornbills at a roost site in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand

Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are widely regarded as important seed dispersers in tropical forests in Africa and Asia. We investigated how the roosting behavior of wreathed hornbills (Aceros undulatus) influences seed deposition and seedling survival at a roost site in a moist evergreen forest of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Fallen fruits and seeds were collected in traps that were placed around a roosting site for 14 months, and seedlings were monitored in adjacent quadrats for 3 years. Seedfall and seedlings of species represented in the hornbill diet occurred at significantly higher densities in the traps and quadrats located beneath the crown of the roosting tree than in those located beyond the crown. With the exception of Cinnamomum subavenium, the seeds and seedlings of most diet species rarely survived beyond the first year. The quality of hornbill dispersal to this roosting site may be poor due to the highly concentrated seedfall, which results in high seed and seedling mortality. However, the number of seeds deposited by each hornbill each day at roosting sites is relatively low. Wreathed hornbills are primarily scatter dispersers during the day and probably serve as agents of seed dispersal in the moist evergreen forest of Khao Yai.     

Root foraging in response to heterogeneous soil moisture in two grapevines that differ in potential growth rate

* Linkages between plant growth rate and root responses to soil moisture heterogeneity were investigated. * Root dynamics were studied using genetically identical shoots (Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot) with genetically distinct root systems that promote higher (HSV) and lower (LSV) shoot growth rates (1103P and 101-14 Mgt, respectively). Three quantities of irrigation replenished different amounts of evapotranspiration (0, 40 and 100%ET(c)) in a California vineyard. * Roots of HSV vines exhibited more plasticity, as indicated by greater preferential growth in irrigated soil during the summer, and a larger shift in root diameter with a change in soil moisture than LSV vines. Higher tolerance of low soil moisture was not observed in LSV roots--root survivorship was similar for the two rootstocks. LSV vines produced a large fraction of its roots during the winter months and increased root density over the study, while HSV vines produced roots mainly in summer and only exhibited a high initial peak in root biomass in the first year. * These results demonstrated that a plant of higher vigor has greater morphological plasticity in response to lateral heterogeneity in soil moisture but similar tolerance to moisture stress as indicated by root survivorship in dry soil.     

桃小食心虫在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

为探索温度对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii生长发育和繁殖的影响,在室内17, 20, 23, 26, 29和32(±1) ℃,80%±7% RH和15L: 9D条件下,测定了桃小食心虫各发育阶段的历期、存活率和/或产卵量, 组建了桃小食心虫的实验种群生命表.结果表明, 桃小食心虫各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短; 初孵幼虫的蛀果率随温度升高而提高,幼虫脱果率与温度之间呈抛物线关系：y=-0.5638x²+27.882x-269.18 (R²=0.9801,P＜0.01);结茧率和羽化率在17～29℃间无明显变化,但在32℃时则明显降低;雌蛾的产卵量和寿命随温度的升高而降低,23℃时雌蛾交配率最高.生命表分析表明,种群趋势指数在17～29℃间均大于1,26℃时内禀增长率最高;世代存活率与温度的关系可用S=-0.073x³+4.626x²-92.019x+596.57（R²=0.9832）表示; 内禀增长率与温度之间的关系可用r_m=-0.0008x²+0.0409x-0.4438（R²=0.9851）描述。 据此得出,23～26℃是最适宜桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的温度范围。