麦蛾茧蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对麦蛾茧蜂BraconhebetorSay的触角感器进行观察。结果表明:麦蛾茧蜂的触角上存在6种感器,分别为毛形感器,板形感器,刺形感器,鳞状感器,锥形乳头状感器和嗅孔。其中毛形感器和板形感器是主要感器,数量较大,分布较广。雌雄蜂的触角感器差异不明显。     

Sense organs in polychaetes (Annelida)

Polychaetes possess a wide range of sensory structures. These form sense organs of several kinds, including the appendages of the head region (palps, antennae, tentacular cirri), the appendages of the trunk region and pygidium (parapodial and pygidial cirri), the nuchal organs, the dorsal organs, the lateral organs, the eyes, the photoreceptor-like sense organs, the statocysts, various kinds of pharyngeal papillae as well as structurally peculiar sensory organs of still unknown function and the apical organs of trochophore larvae. Moreover, isolated or clustered sensory cells not obviously associated with other cell types are distributed all over the body. Whereas nuchal organs are typical for polychaetes and are lacking only in a few species, all other kinds of sensory organs are restricted to certain groups of taxa or species. Some have only been described in single species till now. Sensory cells are generally bipolar sensory cells and their cell bodies are either located peripherally within the epidermis or within the central nervous system. These sensory cells are usually ciliated and different types can be disinguished. Structure, function and phylogenetic importance of the sensory structures observed in polychaetes so far are reviewed. For evaluation of the relationships of the higher taxa in Annelida palps, nuchal organs and pigmented ocelli appear to be of special importance.     

白背飞虱触角感器的扫描电镜观察

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)是水稻的主要害虫之一。采用扫描电镜技术对白背飞虱触角感器进行了观察。结果表明,白背飞虱成虫触角上有3种类型的感器——毛形、刺形和耳状感器,以及由毛形和耳状感器组成的一种菊花状的感器簇,且这些感器在雌雄中不存在二型性。同时,对其高龄若虫触角感器的观察也表明,白背飞虱触角感器的数量随若虫龄期的增加而增加,且在羽化为成虫时数量会大幅度的增加。     

Sensilla on antennae,ovipositor and tarsi of the larval parasitoids,Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron 1906) and Cotesia flavipes Cameron 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a comparative scanning electron microscopy study

Two braconid parasitoids of cereal stemborers in eastern Africa, Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes, have been shown to display a similar hierarchy of behavioural events during host recognition and acceptance. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying host recognition and acceptance, the morphology of antennal sensilla on the last antennomeres, on the ovipositor, and on the fifth tarsomere and pretarsus of the prothoracic legs tarsi were studied using scanning electron microscopy followed by selective silver nitrate staining. It appeared that female C. sesamiae and C. flavipes shared the same types and distribution of sensory receptors, which enable them to detect volatiles and contact chemical stimuli from their hosts. In both parasitoids, four types of sensilla were identified on the three terminal antennomeres: (i) non-porous sensilla trichodea likely to be involved in mechanoreception, (ii) uniporous sensilla chaetica with porous tips that have gustatory functions, (iii) multiporous sensilla placodea, which are likely to have olfactory function, and (iv) sensilla coeloconica known to have thermo-hygroreceptive function. The tarsi of both parasitoids possessed a few uniporous sensilla chaetica with porous tips, which may have gustatory functions. The distal end of the ovipositor bore numerous dome-shaped sensilla. However, there were no sensilla coeloconica or styloconica, known to have gustatory function in other parasitoid species, on the ovipositors of the two braconid wasps.     

食木性隐尾蠊属的触角感器特征及分类意义探究（蜚蠊目：隐尾蠊科）

利用扫描电镜观察了3种食木性蜚蠊:滇南隐尾蠊、哈巴隐尾蠊和长白隐尾蠊的触角感器。在本文中对上述3种隐尾蠊的触角形态进行了详细的描述,3种隐尾蠊触角无明显差异。观察并测量了6种主要的感器类型:刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、钟形感器和小头感器。结果发现,在3种隐尾蠊触角上毛形感器是最丰富的感器。统计表明感器在3种隐尾蠊种间和两性间存在一些差异。与其他蜚蠊和白蚁进行了比较,并讨论了它们在生活习性上的差异。综上所述,感器的形态描述和统计分析不足以对3种隐尾蠊进行分类鉴别,不宜作为种级单元分类特征。     

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫3变种成虫触角感器扫描电镜观察

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫触角上分布粗大的毛状感器和短小的锥状感器。毛状感器分布于各个亚节,锥状感器主要密布于鞭节的末节端部。化感器的数量大小中顺序：七星瓢虫＞异色瓢虫显明变种＞异色瓢虫二斑变型和十九斑变种。     

Active touch in orthopteroid insects: behaviours, multisensory substrates and evolution

Orthopteroid insects (cockroaches, crickets, locusts and related species) allow examination of active sensory processing in a comparative framework. Some orthopteroids possess long, mobile antennae endowed with many chemo- and mechanoreceptors. When the antennae are touched, an animal's response depends upon the identity of the stimulus. For example, contact with a predator may lead to escape, but contact with a conspecific may usually not. Active touch of an approaching object influences the likelihood that a discrimination of identity will be made. Using cockroaches, we have identified specific descending mechanosensory interneurons that trigger antennal-mediated escape. Crucial sensory input to these cells comes from chordotonal organs within the antennal base. However, information from other receptors on the base or the long antennal flagellum allows active touch to modulate escape probability based on stimulus identity. This is conveyed, at least to some extent, by textural information. Guidance of the antennae in active exploration depends on visual information. Some of the visual interneurons and the motor neurons necessary for visuomotor control have been identified. Comparisons across Orthoptera suggest an evolutionary model where subtle changes in the architecture of interneurons, and of sensorimotor control loops, may explain differing levels of vision-touch interaction in the active guidance of behaviour.     

Postembryonic development in Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Lievin, 1848) (Crustacea: Ctenopoda: Sididae)

Postembryonic females and males Diaphanosoma brachyurum from Lake Glubokoe (Moscow) have 3–4 and 3 juvenile instars, respectively. Females and males of the first three postembryonic instars can be identified by the different number of setae and setal rudiments on the proximal and distal segments of the exopodite of the swimming antennae: 3 + 7; (i + 3) + 7; 4 + (i + 7), respectively (i = rudiment of seta). The subsequent instars have 4 + 8 long plumose setae on these segments, but the fourth instar has the proximal lateral seta of the distal exopod segment slightly shorter and thinner than the others. The antennules and copulatory appendages of males are instar-specific. Diaphanosomas show small increments in body length during the postembryonic molts. The largest increments (about 115 m) occur during the first or second molts. The allometric equation of Huxley (1924) was used for a comparison of the relative growth rate of different body parts. In the middle of summer, the head and swimming antennae with the body and the antennal exopodite with the antennal basipodite grow in isometry. At the same time, the branches of the swimming antennae and their setae show allometric growth: the exopodite and distal setae grow faster than the endopodite and the lateral setae, respectively.     

Obstacle perception by insect antennae during terrestrial locomotion

Abstract. Insect antennae bear several types of sensilla including chemo-receptors, hygroreceptors, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. A large proportion of sensilla is chemoreceptors, providing olfactory function. Pro-prioreceptors located on the antennae provide information on the position of these organs and are used in flight control. This type of sensillum is present in most insects and might serve other functions. We tested the hypothesis that antennae are used to perceive obstacles in the path of walking beetles. When adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), touch an obstacle with their antennae during terrestrial locomotion, they modify the angle of their body to allow the tarsi of one prothoracic leg to reach the top of the obstacle. Our results demonstrate that antennae, by their movements and their position ahead of the beetle, provide information on the presence of the obstacle necessary to initiate step-up behaviour. Furthermore, the change in the body angle needed to increase the reach of the prothoracic leg and step on the obstacle, is proportional to the height of the obstacle. Since the eyes are not involved in the process, normal behaviour can be performed in the dark.