纤维素乙醇工程化探讨

出于对能源安全、大气污染的担忧以及促进农村经济发展的考虑,世界许多国家使用乙醇作为含氧添加剂或交通运输燃料来替代汽油。纤维素乙醇生产原料丰富,且具有明显的低碳排放特性而备受关注。随着全球范围内几套大型纤维素乙醇示范装置的相继试车,工程化问题将得到解决,并有望在2015-2016年完成装置的经济性考核,逐步进入商业化阶段。为避免原料"与人争粮,与粮争地",1代燃料乙醇将逐步向2代纤维素乙醇过渡。本文在综述近期国内外纤维素乙醇产业化概况的基础上,从化学工程和生物工程的角度对预处理、酶制剂及酶解工艺、戊糖/己糖共发酵菌株及工艺、装备等几个方面的技术进展进行剖析,讨论了工程化遇到的主要问题,探讨了我国纤维素乙醇技术的发展方向。     

里氏木霉与米根霉混合固态发酵产纤维素酶

以里氏木霉及米根霉单菌固态发酵为对象,考察不同混合发酵形式对里氏木霉与米根霉混合固态发酵产纤维素酶的影响。结果表明:同时接种里氏木霉与米根霉,试验考察的两菌种接种量比1∶1(以孢子个数计)及5∶1条件下,两菌未产生明显协同产酶作用。米根霉延时(24 h)接种且菌种量比5∶1以及米根霉延时(48 h)接种且菌种量比1∶1,2种发酵形式产酶情况类似,滤纸酶活(FPA)及羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)酶活相对米根霉单菌发酵有所提高,而β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GA)酶活相对里氏木霉单菌固态发酵结束时分别增加4.66及4.40倍,可以发现两菌产生一定协同作用。在米根霉延时(48 h)接种且菌种量比5∶1的发酵形式下,FPA及CMCase在发酵第7天酶活分别达到44.04 IU/g、627.14 U/g(以1 g干曲计),分别是里氏木霉固态单菌发酵产酶达到稳定期时酶活的1.36和1.63倍,两菌产生了有效的协同作用。     

Cellulase isoenzyme profiles in Frankia strains belonging to different cross-inoculation groups

Carboxymethyl cellulase activities were evaluated in eight strains of Frankia from diverse host specificity groups and geographical origins. Cellulase activity was detected in culture supernatants of all strains in the absence of CMC (Carboxymethylcellulose) as an inducer using both double-layer plate and reducing sugar assays, indicating a constitutive production of CM-cellulases by Frankia. CM-cellulase isoenzyme profiles were visualized using activity gel electrophoresis of concentrated culture supernatants. Different electrophoretic profiles were observed among the eight strains tested, which correlate with the host specificity and taxonomic grouping of Frankia.     

A new role for veratryl alcohol: regulation of synthesis of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in the ligninolytic ascomyceteous fungus, Botryosphaeria sp.; influence of carbon source

A new physiological role for veratryl alcohol in fungi important in the biodegradation of the lignified plant cell wall is presented. Botryosphaeria sp., grown on starch, pectin, cellulose or xylan produced amylase, pectinase, cellulase, xylanase and laccase, whereas glucose and xylose repressed the synthesis of cellulase and xylanase, but not laccase. When cultured on each of these substrates in the presence of veratryl alcohol, laccase activity increased but the activities of amylase, pectinase, cellulase and xylanase significantly decreased. Basal medium containing softwood kraft lignin in the presence of veratryl alcohol induced laccases above constitutive levels. Ethyl alcohol also stimulated laccase production.     

Chitinolytic and cellulolytic Pseudomonas sp. antagonistic to fungal pathogens enhances nodulation by Mesorhizobium sp. Cicer in chickpea.

Pseudomonas strains isolated from the rhizosphere of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) were screened for the production of chitinases and cellulases. Five Pseudomonas strains were found to produce appreciable amounts of both enzymes in culture-free supernatants and showed growth inhibition of the two fungi Pythium aphanidermatum (Oomycete) and Rhizoctonia solani (Basidiomycete) in plates on potato dextrose agar medium. The fungal growth inhibition was not correlated with cell wall-degrading enzyme activity, which suggested that other antifungal compounds produced by these rhizobacteria were also involved in antagonism. Coinoculation of the Pseudomonas strains with the Mesorhizobium sp. Cicer strain Ca181 resulted in a significant increase in nodule biomass when grown under sterilized chillum jar conditions. The results suggest that hydrolytic enzymes produced by Pseudomonas sp. contribute to suppression of plant diseases by inhibiting growth of phytopathogenic fungi and also promote nodulation of legumes by rhizobia.     

一组纤维素分解菌的分离、筛选及其产酶条件的研究

从堆肥中筛选得到两株分解纤维素的菌株,一株为高温单孢菌Q-0,另一株为芽孢杆菌Q-3,对Q-0、Q-3及这两株菌组成的混合菌产纤维素酶条件进行了研究。结果表明,混合菌分解棉花和滤纸纤维素的分解率均比单一菌株高,其分解率分别为69％和62％。混合菌产酶最适温度为50℃,pH7．5。在以棉花纤维为惟一碳源时,混合菌产生的纤维素酶可达101个酶活单位,比菌Q-0高近40个酶活单位。Q-0、Q-3和混合菌利用有机氮源优于无机氮源。     

Cellulases, hemicelluloses and auxin-stimulated growth: a possible relationship

The plant growth promoter, auxin, may loosen the primary cell wall by increasing the activity of extracellular cellulases – a group of enzymes that cleave hemicellulose chains in the walls of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Evidence is reviewed that suggests that these hemicellulose chains tether adjacent microfibrils, and that by cleaving such chains the cellulases facilitate cell expansion. On the basis of this structural arrangement a mechanism for elastic and plastic wall extension is proposed.